e8东的信 _作者: 美 沃伦·巴菲特-第29节
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迷,再保业者倒闭频繁等景象时,而怀疑保险公司是否仍有能力轻松地支付一千万美元理赔金时,那么他可以挑选的保险公司其实是相当有限的,在所有的沙包之中,Berkshire无疑是站得最直挺的一个。
Periodically; however; buyers remember Ben Franklin's observation that it is hard for an empty sack to stand upright and recognize their need to buy promises only from insurers that have enduring financial strength。 It is then that we have a major petitive advantage。 When a buyer really focuses on whether a 10 million claim can be easily paid by his insurer five or ten years down the road; and when he takes into account the possibility that poor underwriting conditions may then coincide with depressed financial markets and defaults by reinsurer; he will find only a few panies he can trust。 Among those; Berkshire will lead the pack。 Our second method of differentiating ourselves is the total indifference to volume that we maintain。 In 1989; we will be perfectly willing to write five times as much business as we write in 1988 … or only one…fifth as much。 We hope; of course; that conditions will allow us large volume。 But we cannot control market prices。 If they are unsatisfactory; we will simply do very little business。 No other major insurer acts with equal restraint。
我们第二个方法是试着让我们完全不理会签发保单的数量,在下一个年度我们很愿意一口气签出比前一年多五倍的保单,但若是只能签发五分之一的保单也无所谓,当然情况若许可我们希望是越多越好,但我们实在是无法掌握市场价格,若价格不理想,我们就会暂时退出市场少做一点生意,在同业中再没有其它任何一家保险公司有我们如此高的自制力。
Three conditions that prevail in insurance; but not in most businesses; allow us our flexibility。 First; market share is not an important determinant of profitability: In this business; in contrast to the newspaper or grocery businesses; the economic rule is not survival of the fattest。 Second; in many sectors of insurance; including most of those in which we operate; distribution channels are not proprietary and can be easily entered: Small volume this year does not preclude huge volume next year。 Third; idle capacity … which in this industry largely means people … does not result in intolerable costs。 In a way that industries such as printing or steel cannot; we can operate at quarter…speed much of the time and still enjoy long…term prosperity。
在保险业普遍存在的第三种情况,(这在其它产业并不多见)使得我们能保持相当的弹性,第一市场占有率并不绝对等于获利率,不像新闻业或是零售业,最后能够存活的不一定是最肥的那个人,第二许多的保险类种,其中也包含我们所从事的主要险种,销售通路并非只有唯一管道,所以进入障碍低,今年业绩不多,不代表明年就一定会很少,第三闲置的产能,在保险业来说主要是在于人力,这部份并不会造成太大的负担,在印刷或是钢铁业的话就不是如此,我们可以在保持慢速前进的同时,随时蓄势待发准备向前冲刺。
We follow a price…based…on…exposure; not…on…petition policy because it makes sense for our shareholders。 But we're happy to report that it is also pro…social。 This policy means that we are always available; given prices that we believe are adequate; to write huge volumes of almost any type of property…casualty insurance。 Many other insurers follow an in…and…out approach。 When they are 〃out〃 … because of mounting losses; capital inadequacy; or whatever … we are available。 Of course; when others are panting to do business we are also available … but at such times we often find ourselves priced above the market。 In effect; we supply insurance buyers and brokers with a large reservoir of standby capacity。
我们完全以价格为导向(而非竞争)来决定我们的风险部位,因为如此对于股东投资者才有意义,但同时我们也很高兴,因为这对社会同样也有助益,这个原则代表我们随时准备就绪,只要市场价格合理,我们愿意随时进场承接任何产物意外险的保单,配合许多保险同业遵循的进出策略,当他们因为损失扩大、资本不足等原因退出市场时,我们随时可以接替,当然当一些同业进来杀价抢食市场时,虽然我们也愿意继续服务大众,但由于我们的报价高于市场价格,所以只好暂时退出观望,基本上我们扮演的是市场供需调节的角色。
One story from mid…1987 illustrates some consequences of our pricing policy: One of the largest family…owned insurance brokers in the country is headed by a fellow who has long been a shareholder of Berkshire。 This man handles a number of large risks that are candidates for placement with our New York office。 Naturally; he does the best he can for his clients。 And; just as naturally; when the insurance market softened dramatically in 1987 he found prices at other insurers lower than we were willing to offer。 His reaction was; first; to place all of his business elsewhere and; second; to buy more stock in Berkshire。 Had we been really petitive; he said; we would have gotten his insurance business but he would not have bought our stock。
1987年中的一个事件可以充分说明我们的价格政策,在纽约有一家家族经营的保险经纪公司是由一个Berkshire多年资深的老股东所领导,这老兄手上有许多客户是我们所想要交往的,但基于职业道德他仍然必须为他的客户争取到最好的权益,所以当保险市场价格大幅滑落,他发现我们的保费比起其它同业贵了许多时,他第一个反应就是赶快把他客户的保单从Berkshire转移到别的保险公司,接下来第二的动作就是买进更多Berkshire的股票,他说要是那一天Berkshire也一样以降价竞争作为因应,那么他就会把生意给Berkshire做,但他可能就会把Berkshire的股票卖光。
Berkshire's underwriting experience was excellent in 1987; in part because of the lag factor discussed earlier。 Our bined ratio (on a statutory basis and excluding structured settlements and financial reinsurance) was 105。 Although the ratio was somewhat less favorable than in 1986; when it was 103; our profitability improved materially in 1987 because we had the use of far more float。 This trend will continue to run in our favor: Our ratio of float to premium volume will increase very significantly during the next few years。 Thus; Berkshire's insurance profits are quite likely to improve during 1988 and 1989; even though we expect our bined ratio to rise。
Berkshire 1987年的承保表现实在是好极了,一方面是因为先前提到的递延效应,我们的综合比率是105(泛指一般保单,不包含私下协议与金融再保部份),虽然这个数字比起1986年的103来说略微逊色,但我们在1987年的获利却由于有更多的浮存金运用而大幅增进,这种好现象将会持续保持,在往后几年我们浮存金对保费收入的比例还是继续增加,所以展望Berkshire1988年与1989年的获利仍将大幅成长,即便综合比率预估亦会增加。
Our insurance business has also made some important non…financial gains during the last few years。 Mike Goldberg; its manager; has assembled a group of talented professionals to write larger risks and unusual coverages。 His operation is now well equipped to handle the lines of business that will occasionally offer us major opportunities。
我们的保险事业去年在非财务数字面亦有重大的斩获,我们组织了一支训练有素的专业团队,专门承保特殊钜额的风险,他们已准备好帮助我们处理任何可能遇到庞大的商机。
Our loss reserve development; detailed on pages 41…42; looks better this year than it has previously。 But we write lots of 〃long…tail〃 business … that is; policies generating claims that often take many years to resolve。 Examples would be product liability; or directors and officers liability coverages。 With a business mix like this; one year of reserve development tells you very little。
有关损失准备提列的情况,详附表,今年的状况比前几年好一点,但由于我们签下了许多长期的生意,许多理赔申请可以要花上好几年才能解决,就像是产品责任保险,或专业经理人责任险,在这种特殊的产业,一年的损失准备其实无法是代表最后结果。
You should be very suspicious of any earnings figures reported by insurers (including our own; as we have unfortunately proved to you in the past)。 The record of the last decade shows that a great many of our best…known insurers have reported earnings to shareholders that later proved to be wildly erroneous。 In most cases; these errors were totally innocent: The unpredictability of our legal system makes it impossible for even the most conscientious insurer to e close to judging the eventual cost of long…tail claims。
大家应该对保险公司的盈余数字时时抱持怀疑的态度,(当然也包含我们公司本身,事实证明确是如此) ,过去十年来的记录显示,有许多显赫一时的保险公司报告给股东亮丽的盈余数字最后证明只不过是一场空,在大部分的情况下,这种错误是无心的,我们诡谲多变的司法制度,使得就算是最有良知的保险公司都无法准确预测这类长期保险的最终成本。
Nevertheless; auditors annually certify the numbers given them by management and in their opinions unqualifiedly state that these figures 〃present fairly〃 the financial position of their clients。 The auditors use this reassuring language even though they know from long and painful experience that the numbers so certified are likely to differ dramatically from the true earnings of the period。 Despite this history of error; investors understandably rely upon auditors' opinions。 After all; a declaration saying that 〃the statements present fairly〃 hardly sounds equivocal to the non…accountant。
但奇怪的是,会计师每年就是有办法为就这些管理阶层给的数字背书,并出具无保留的意见表示这些数字允当表达该公司,也就是他们的客户的财务状况,而事实上他们自己深知过去惨痛的经验告诉他们,这些经过验证的数字与最后可能结算出来的可能会有天壤之别,但却还是仍然使用这种坚定的语言,而从另一方面来说,就算是历史殷鉴在前,投资人却还是相当仰赖会计师的意见,对于会计门外汉来说,他根本就不懂得「该财务报表允当表达」,所代表的真正含意是什么。
The wording in the auditor's standard o