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   together; have a great deal more of reason; logic; Scripture; and the
   Prayer Book on their side than is monly supposed。 Their views; at
   any rate; ought not to be regarded; as they too often are; with
   supercilious and unreasoning contempt。 I venture; therefore; to think
   that the arguments contained in this paper deserve respectful
   consideration。

   1。 What is regeneration?

   It is that plete change of heart and character which the Holy Spirit
   works in a person when he bees a real Christian。 The Church
   Catechism calls it 〃a death unto sin; and a new birth unto
   righteousness。〃 It is the same thing as being 〃born again;〃 or 〃born of
   God;〃 or 〃born of the Spirit;〃 〃Except a man be born again〃 means
   〃except a man be regenerate。〃 〃If any man be in Christ; he is a new
   creature;〃 that is; he is 〃born again; or regenerate〃 (John 3:3; 2 Cor。
   5:17)。

   2。 Bat are not all professing Christians real Christians?

   Certainly not。 Thousands; unhappily; are only Christians in name; and
   have nothing of real Christianity either in their hearts or lives。 Just
   as St。 Paul said; 〃He is not a Jew; which is one outwardly〃 (Rom。
   2:28); so he would have said; 〃He is not a Christian; which is one
   outwardly。〃 Just as he said; 〃He is a Jew; which is one inwardly;〃 so
   he would have said; 〃He is a Christian; which is one inwardly。〃 In
   short; real Christians are regenerate; and merely nominal Christians
   are not。

   3。 But how are we to know whether we are regenerate or not? Is it a
   thing we can possibly find out before we die?

   Regeneration may always be known by the fruits and effects it produces
   on a person's life and character。 It is always attended by certain
   marks; evidences; effects; results; and consequences。 Every regenerate
   person has these marks more or less distinctly; and he that has them
   not is not regenerate。 A regeneration which produces no effects; bears
   no fruit; and cannot be seen in a person's life; is a regeneration
   never mentioned in Scripture。

   4。 What are the marks and evidences of regeneration? They are laid down
   for us so clearly and plainly in the First Epistle of St。 John; that he
   who runs may read them。 It is written there; 〃Whosoever is born of God
   cloth not mit sin;〃 〃Whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is
   born of God;〃 〃Every one that doeth righteousness is born of Him;〃
   〃Every one that loveth is born of God;〃 〃Whatsoever is born of God
   overeth the world;〃 〃He that is begotten of God keepeth himself〃 (1
   John 3:9; 5:1; 2:29; 4:7; 5:4; 5:18)。 If plain English words have any
   meaning; these texts mean that he who has these marks is 〃born again〃
   or 〃regenerate;〃 and he who has them not is not regenerate。

   5。 Have all regenerate persons these marks of regeneration in the same
   degree of depth; strength; clearness; and distinctness?

   Most certainly not。 There is a wide difference between the highest and
   lowest measure of grace possessed by those who are 〃born again。〃 There
   are real and true Christians who are only 〃babes〃 in spiritual
   attainments; and there are others who are 〃strong;〃 and vigorous; and
   able to do great things for Christ (1 John 2:12…14)。 The Scripture
   speaks of little faith and great faith; of little strength and great
   strength。 One thing only is certain;every regenerate person has more
   or less the marks of regeneration; and he who has none of them is not
   born again (Matt。 14:31; 15:28; Rev。 3:8; Rom。 15:1)。

   6。 But are not all baptized persons regenerate; and does not
   regeneration always acpany baptism

   Certainly not。 Myriads of baptized persons have not a single Scriptural
   mark of regeneration about them; and never had in their lives。 They
   know nothing whatever of 〃a death unto sin; and a new birth unto
   righteousness。〃 On the contrary; they too often live in sin; and are
   enemies of all righteousness。 To say that such persons are 〃regenerate〃
   on account of their baptism; is to say that which seems flatly contrary
   to the First Epistle of St。 John。 The Church Catechism says that
   baptism contains two parts;the outward and visible sign; and the
   inward and spiritual grace But the Catechism nowhere says that the sign
   and the grace always go together。

   7。 But does not the Baptismal Service of the Church Prayer Book say of
   every baptized child; 〃This child is regenerate;〃 and does it not tell
   us to thank God that it hath 〃pleased Him to regenerate the infant〃?
   What can this mean? How can it be explained?

   The Baptismal Service uses these expressions in the charitable
   supposition that those who use the Service; and bring their children to
   be baptized; are really what they profess to be。 As Bishop Carleton
   says; 〃All this is the charity of the Church; and what more can you
   make of it?〃 As Bishop Downame says; 〃We are to distinguish between the
   judgment of charity and the judgment of certainty。〃

   8。 But is this explanation of the language of the Baptismal Service
   honest; natural; and just? Is it the real meaning which ought to be put
   on the words?

   It is the only meaning which is consistent with the whole spirit of the
   Prayer Book。 From first to last the Prayer Book charitably assumes that
   all who use it are real; thorough Christians。 This is the only sense in
   which the Burial Service can be interpreted。 This is the only sense in
   which we can teach children the Church Catechism。 We bid them say; 〃The
   Holy Ghost sanctifieth me and all the elect people of God。〃 Yet no man
   in his senses would say that all children who say the Catechism are
   really 〃sanctified〃 or really 〃elect;〃 because they use these words。

   9。 But ought we not to believe that all who use Christ's ordinances
   receive a blessing as a matter of course?

   Certainly not。 The benefit of Christ's ordinances depends entirely on
   the spirit and manner in which they are used。 The Scripture expressly
   says that a man may receive the Lord's Supper 〃unworthily;〃 and eat and
   drink 〃to his own condemnation。〃 The Articles of the Church of England
   declare that in such only as receive sacraments 〃rightly; worthily; and
   with faith;〃 they have a wholesome effect and operation。 They do not
   convey grace as a matter of course; 〃ex opere operato;〃 in the same way
   that a medicine acts on the body。 The famous Hooker teaches that 〃all
   receive not the grace of God which receive the sacraments of His
   grace。〃 To maintain that every child who is baptized with water is at
   once regenerated and born again; appears to turn the sacrament of
   baptism into a mere form; and to contradict both Scripture and the
   Thirty…nine Articles。

   10。 But do not all infants receive baptism worthily; since they offer
   no obstacle to the grace of baptism? and are they not consequently all
   regenerated; as a matter of course; the moment they are baptized?

   Certainly not。 No infant is of itself worthy to receive grace; because;
   as the Catechism says; it is 〃born in sin and a child of wrath。〃 It can
   only be received into the Church; and baptized on the faith and
   profession of its parents or sponsors。 No true missionary thinks of
   baptizing heathen children without friends or sponsors。 The Church
   Catechism asks the question; 〃 Why are infants baptized?〃 But it does
   not give as an answer; 〃Because they offer no obstacle to grace;〃but
   〃because they promise repentance and faith by their Sureties。〃 Let us
   always remember that an infant has no title to baptism but the
   profession of its Sureties。 Surely when these Sureties know nothing of
   repentance or faith; or of what they are promising; mon sense points
   out that the infant is not likely to get any inward benefit from the
   sacrament。 In plain words; if parents or sponsors bring an infant to
   baptism in utter ignorance; without faith or prayer or knowledge; it is
   monstrous to suppose that this infant must; nevertheless; receive
   regeneration。 At this rate; it would matter nothing in what way
   sacraments are used; whether with ignorance or with knowledge; and it
   would signify nothing whether those who use them were godly or ungodly;
   the children of believing and of unbelieving parents would receive
   precisely the same benefit from baptism! Such a conclusion seems
   unreasonable and absurd。

   11。 But does not St。 Paul say in his Epistles that Christians are
   〃buried with Christ in baptism;;〃 and that baptized persons have 〃Fat
   on Christ 〃? (Gal。 3:27; Col。 2:12)。

   No doubt St。 Paul says so。 But the persons of whom he said this were
   not baptized in infancy; but when they were grown up; and in days too
   when faith and baptism were so closely connected; that as soon as a man
   believed he confessed his faith publicly by baptism。 But there is not a
   single passage in the New Testament which describes at length the
   effect of baptism on an infant; nor a single text which says that all
   infants are born again; or regenerated; or buried with Christ in
   baptism。 As

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