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   subject of the rights and duties of the lay members of a Christian
   Church。

   There are three questions which I propose to examine in this paper:

   I。 What was the position of the lay members of a Church in the days of
   the Apostles?

   II。 What has been the position of the laity of the Church of England
   for the last 200 years?

   III。 What ought we to aim at; in the matter of the laity; in order to
   strengthen and reform the Established Church of England?

   I approach the whole subject with a deep sense of its delicacy and
   difficulty。 I disclaim the slightest sympathy with those revolutionary
   counsellers who want us to throw overboard Creeds and Articles and
   Formularies; and turn the Church into a Pantheon; in the vain hope of
   buying off invaders。 I desire nothing but scriptural and reasonable
   reforms; and I know no reform so likely to strengthen the Church of
   England as that of placing her laity in their rightful position。 One of
   the best modes of promoting effective Church defence in this day is to
   promote wise Church reform。

   I。 What; then; was the position of the lay members of Churches in the
   days of the Apostles? Let us imagine ourselves paying a visit to the
   baptized munities at Rome; or Corinth; or Ephesus; or Thessalonica;
   or Jerusalem; and let us see what we should have found; and what
   Scripture teaches about them。 In this; as in many other matters; we
   have a right to ask; 〃What light can we get from the New Testament?〃

   This is an inquiry which deserves special attention; and I am much
   mistaken if the result does not astonish some persons; and make them
   open their eyes。

   I say then; without hesitation; that you will not find a single text in
   the New Testament in which the ordained ministers alone are ever called
   〃the Church;〃 or ever act for the Church without the laity uniting and
   co…operating in their action。

   Are the deacons appointed? The twelve remend it; but 〃the whole
   multitude〃 choose (Acts 6:5)。 Is a council held to consider whether the
   heathen converts should be circumcised; and keep the ceremonial law?
   The decision arrived at is said to e from 〃the apostles; and elders;
   and brethren;〃 with 〃the whole Church〃 (Acts 15:22…23)。Are inspired
   Epistles written by St。 Paul to particular Churches? In eight cases
   they are addressed to 〃the Church; the saints; the faithful
   brethren〃and in only one case (the Epistle to the Philippians) is
   there any mention of 〃bishops and deacons〃 in the opening address。 Does
   St。 Paul send instructions to the Church about the Lord's Supper; and
   about speaking with tongues? He sends them to 〃them that are sanctified
   in Christ Jesus〃 not to the ministers。Is discipline exercised against
   an unsound member? I find St。 Paul giving directions to the saints at
   Corinth; without mentioning the ministry: 〃Put away from among
   yourselves that wicked person〃 (1 Cor。 5:13)。Is a man 〃overtaken in a
   fault〃 to be restored to munion? St。 Paul tells those who are
   〃spiritual〃 among the Galatians to do it; and does not refer it to
   their ministers。 (Gal。 6:1)。Is an Epistle written to the Christian
   Hebrews? Not a word is said about 〃rulers〃 until you e to the last
   chapter。 Does St。 James write a General Epistle? He addresses the
   〃twelve tribes;〃 and only names 〃teachers〃 in the third chapter。 Does
   St。 Peter write a General Epistle? He writes to the whole body of the
   elect; and says nothing to the 〃elders〃 till he arrives at the last
   chapter; and even then he is careful to remind them that they are not
   〃lords over God's heritage。〃 As for the Second Epistle of St。 Peter;
   and the Epistles of St。 John and St。 Jude; they never touch the subject
   of the ministry at all。

   Now let no one mistake me。 That there was to be a distinct order of men
   to minister to the Church is; to my eyes; most plainly taught in the
   New Testament。 St。 Paul; we are told; 〃ordained elders in every Church〃
   (Acts 14:23)。 See 1 Cor。 12:28; Eph。 4:11; 1st and 2nd Epistles to
   Timothy; and Titus。 But that 〃the Church〃 in any city or country meant
   especially the laity; and the ministers were only regarded as the
   〃servants of the Church〃 (2 Cor。 4:5); seems to me as clear as the sun
   at noon…day。 As for a Church in which the clergy acted alone; settled
   everything; decided everything; judged everything; and managed
   everything; and the laity had no voice at all; I cannot find the ghost
   of the shadow of such a thing in the Acts or Epistles of the New
   Testament。 On the contrary; while St。 Paul tells the Thessalonians to
   〃esteem their ministers very highly;〃 it is to the laity; and not the
   clergy; that he addresses the words; 〃Warn them that are unruly;
   fort the feeble…minded; support the weak〃 (1 Thess。 5:13…14)。 I
   trust that Churchmen who remember the Sixth Article of our English
   Church will not fail to observe this。

   Before I go any further in this paper; I think it right to say a few
   words in self…defence; to prevent possible misunderstanding。 If any one
   supposes that I wish to exalt and exaggerate the position of the laity
   at the expense of the clergy; and that I think lightly of the
   ministerial office; he is totally mistaken。 In a deep sense of the
   value of the Christian ministry; as an ordinance of Christ; and a
   necessity in a fallen world; I give place to no man。 But I dare not
   overstep scriptural limits in this matter。 I cannot refrain from saying
   that a sacerdotal ministry; a mediatorial ministry; an infallible
   ministry; a ministry of men who by virtue of episcopal ordination have
   any monopoly of knowledge; or any special ability to settle disputed
   questions of faith or ritual such a ministry; in my judgment; is an
   innovation of man; and utterly without warrant of Holy Scripture。 It is
   a ministry which has been borrowed from the typical system of the
   Jewish Church; and has no place in the present dispensation。 The
   Christian minister is a teacher; an ambassador; a messenger; a
   watchman; a witness; a shepherd; a steward; and is expressly authorized
   by the Epistles to Timothy and Titus; where his duties are clearly laid
   down。 But there is a conspicuous absence of New Testament proof that he
   is a sacrificing priest。

   In saying this I do not stand alone。 The learned Bishop of Durham; in
   his exhaustive work on Philippians; uses the following language:

   〃The kingdom of Christ has no sacerdotal system。 It interposes no
   sacrificial tribe or class between God and man by whose entreaties
   alone God is reconciled and man forgiven。 Each individual member holds
   personal munion with the Divine Head。 To Him immediately he is
   responsible; and from Him directly he obtains pardon and draws
   strength〃 (p。 174; ed。 3)。

   Again; he says: 〃The sacerdotal title is never once conferred on the
   ministers of the Church。 The only priests under the gospel; designated
   as such under the New Testament; are the saints; the members of the
   Christian brotherhood〃 (p。 132; ed。 3)。

   This is sound speech; which cannot be condemned。

   First published in 1868; it has stood the test of eighteen years'
   criticism; and its principles remain unanswered and unanswerable。 To
   these principles I firmly adhere; and I press them on the consideration
   of all English Churchmen in the present day。

   I leave the subject of the lay members of the apostolic Churches at
   this point; and mend it to the attention of all who read this paper。
   It is my conviction that the prominent position occupied by the laity
   in these primitive munities was one grand secret of their undeniable
   strength; growth; prosperity; and success。 There were no sleeping
   partners in those days。 Every member of the ecclesiastical body worked。
   Every one felt bound to do something。 All the baptized members; whether
   men or women; if we may judge from the 16th chapter of the Epistle to
   the Romans; took a direct active interest in the welfare and progress
   of the whole ecclesiastical body。 They were not tame; ignorant sheep;
   led hither and thither at the beck of an autocratic shepherd。 The best
   regiment in an army is that in which officers and privates take an
   equal interest in the efficiency of the whole corps。 It is the ferment
   in which the officers trust the privates and the privates trust the
   officers; as they did when they fought through that eventful night at
   Rorke's Drift in the Zulu war。 It is the regiment in which every
   private is intelligent; and behaves as if the success of the campaign
   depended on him。 It is the regiment in which every private knows his
   duty; and is honourably proud of his profession; and would fight to the
   last for the colours; even if every officer fell Such a regiment was a
   primitive Church in apostolic days。 It had its officers; its bishops;
   and deacons。 It had orders; due subordination; and discipline。 But the
   mainspring and backbone of its strength lay in the zeal; intelligence;
   and a

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