the grand canyon of arizona-第44节

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Arizona　occurred；　and　all　of　them；　with　many　others　（laymen　and　soldiers　as　well）　were　slain　at　that　time。　Then；　too；　the　remembrance　had　not　died　away　of　the　total　destruction　of　the　town　of　Awatobi　（one　of　the　Hopi　towns　of　that　day）　in　the　year　1700；　because　the　people　of　that　place　were　hospitable　and　tolerant　of　the　〃long　gowns。〃　The　medicine　men　and　leaders　of　all　the　adjacent　towns　gathered　together；　and　led　a　force　which　fell　upon　Awatobi　in　the　dead　of　the　night。　Every　male　in　it　was　slain；　and　only　some　of　the　women　and　girls　were　saved　and　taken　to　the　other　towns。　The　place　was　fired；　and　remained　a　neglected　ruin；　until　the　scholarship　and　labors　of　recent　ethnologists　dug　up　both　the　town　and　its　tragic　history。

Indians　Are　Hostile。　Poor　Garces！　The　hostility　of　the　Oraibis　was　apparent。　They　refused　to　allow　him　to　enter　a　house；　and　he　was　compelled　to　camp　outside；　in　a　corner　formed　by　a　jutting　wall；　while　his　guide　sheltered　his　mule　in　a　sheep　corral。　He　built　his　little　camp　fire；　cooked　his　frugal　meal；　and　slept　there　during　the　night；　doubtless　committing　himself　and　the　people　who　refused　to　receive　him　to　the　protecting　mercies　of　God。　The　next　day　the　chiefs　of　the　town　came　to　him；　clothed　in　their　ceremonial　costumes　and　feathery　head…dresses；　and　bade　him　leave　the　place。　He　held　up　his　crucifix　as　an　index　of　his　mission；　and　endeavored　to　tell　them　that　he　came　solely　to　do　them　good。　But　they　would　have　none　of　him；　and　on　the　following　day；　the　memorable　Fourth　of　July；　they　expelled　him　peaceably　but　forcibly　from　their　town。　He　returned　to　the　Colorado　River　again　on　July　25；　and　soon　to　San　Xavier；　his　mission；　a　failure。

Establishes　Missions　among　the　Yumas。　Now　he　threw　his　whole　heart　into　the　two　missions　which　the　authorities　had　decided　to　place　among　the　Yumas。　Captain　Palma；　a　Yuma　chief；　who　had　been　very　friendly；　had　urged　it　repeatedly；　and　now　the　desires　of　both　were　to　be　fulfilled。　In　1779；　Garces　went　to　prepare　the　way；　and　the　following　year　the　establishment　took　place。　The　missions　were　eight　miles　apart；　one　was　named　La　Purisima　Concepcion；　the　other；　San　Pedro　y　San　Pablo　de　Bicuner。　Garces　and　Barraneche　took　charge　of　the　upper　mission；　and　Diaz　and　Moreno　of　the　lower。

Garces　Is　Killed。　The　missions　were　a　failure　from　the　start。　The　few　Spanish　soldiers　sent　to　guard　the　padres　were　obliged　to　utilize　some　of　the　best　lands　which　were　tilled　for　their　own　benefit。　The　appropriations　from　the　treasury　were　too　small　to　permit　of　anything　but　the　rudest　and　simplest　of　structures；　and　Palma　and　his　friends　soon　became　disgusted　with　the　whole　affair。　On　July　17　the　Indians；　many　of　whom　had　been　hostile　from　the　first；　arose　and　massacred　both　colonies　of　white　men；　as　well　as　a　small　force　of　soldiers　under　former　Governor　Rivera；　of　California；　who　was　encamped　temporarily　on　the　western　side　of　the　river。　At　first；　Garces'　life　was　spared；　but　before　the　day　was　over　he　and　his　co…laborer　were　beaten　to　death；　and　his　unselfish　mission　on　earth　ended。　In　my　book　〃In　and　Out　of　the　Old　Missions　of　California〃；　I　give　this　interesting　and　tragic　history　in　fuller　detail。　This；　then；　is　the　man　whose　name　is　given　to　the　railway　building　at　Needles；　in　order　that　his　heroic　labors　for　the　Indians　of　the　Colorado　River　region　may　not　be　forgotten。



CHAPTER　XXVI。　Powell's　And　Other　Explorations　Of　The　Grand　Canyon

In　the　chapters　on　Tovar　and　Cardenas；　Fray　Marcos　and　Garces；　I　have　given　some　idea　of　the　history　of　the　Spanish　explorations　of　the　Grand　Canyon　region。　In　this　chapter　is　presented　an　account　of　the　brave　work　done　by　later　explorers；　until　now　the　Grand　Canyon　and　the　whole　canyon　system　of　the　Colorado　River　is　as　well　known　as　the　course　of　many　a　less　dangerous　stream。

Early　American　Trappers。　Who　can　know　whether　any　of　those　daring　souls；　the　trappers　of　the　earliest　days　of　American　history；　ever　penetrated　to　the　depths　of　these　canyons　in　their　expeditions　after　the　pelts　of　fur…bearing　animals？　These　men　were　the　true　pioneers。　They　ever　kept　thrusting　the　frontier　line　further　forward。　As　civilization；　with　people；　villages；　towns；　cultivated　lands；　advanced　westward；　still　further　west　pushed　the　trapper。　Civilization　was　a　hindrance　to　his　business。　The　wild　animals　he　sought　fled　from　the　presence　of　many　men。　Though　the　Indian　had　penetrated　more　or　less　to　all　these　secluded　regions；　the　Indian　has　enough　of　the　reserve　of　outdoor　life　not　to　disturb　any　of　the　animals。　It　is　the　imperious；　self…willed；　noisy　white　man　who　drives　away　the　shy　creatures　of　the　wild。

United　States　Purchases　New　Territory。　In　1815；　the　small　nation　known　as　the　United　States　had　become　eager　to　grow；　and　Jefferson　had　made　his　memorable　purchase　of　all　the　territory　north　of　the　Red　River；　the　Arkansas　and　the　forty…second　parallel；　as　far　as　the　British　boundary　or　Canadian　line；　then　still　unsettled；　and　the　disputed　region　of　Oregon。　Lewis　and　Clark　had　made　their　wonderful　expedition；　and　the　world；　through　the　publication　of　their　report；　knew　a　little　of　the　immense　territory　now　acquired。　In　the　previous　century；　the　Spaniards　had　discovered　the　value　of　the　pelts　of　the　fur…bearing　animals　of　California；　and　a　few　venturesome　spirits　were　soon　to　learn　that　the　western　mountains；　forests　and　rivers　abounded　in　the　same　profitable　game。　In　his　interesting　and　illuminative　American　Fur　Trade　of　the　Far　West；　Chittenden　has　shed　a　flood　of　light　on　these　early…day　operations。

Trappers　Seek　Riches。　Padilla；　Kino；　Garces；　Escalante；　and　others　of　the　brave　Spanish　padres；　had　penetrated　into　some　portion　of　these　unknown　territories；　but　they　had　gone　with　the　vow　of　poverty　upon　them。　No　greed　for　gold　blinded　their　eyes　to　the　rights　of　others。　A　hunger　for　the　salvation　of　souls　was　their　only　hunger；　the　glitter　of　the　golden　harps　and　crowns　in　heaven　the　only　glitter　that　attracted　them。　But　the　trappers　had　a　different　purpose。　They　were　a　different　kind　of　men。　Rough　and　ready；　venturesome　to　the　last　degree；　turbulent　as　the　raging　Colorado；　imperious　in　their　high…handed　dealing　with　all　who　stood　in　their　way；　they　were　about　to　enter　the　conflict　for　the　sake　of　gold；　and　gold　is　the　most　remorseless　driver；　the　most　soul…destroying　master　man　ever　has　had。

Trappers　the　Primary　Cause　of　Indian　Wars。　It　has　been　the　trappers　who　largely　have　given　to　us　our　notions　of　the　American　Indians　of　the　West。　For　they　were　the　first　men　to　come　into　conflict　with　them。　They　were　the　first　to　dispute　with　them　about　water…holes　and　springs；　about　〃rights；〃　about　〃property。〃　Is　it　necessary　to　ask　what　kind　of　a　report　such　men　would　bring　of　any　who　stood　in　their　way？　Is　it　necessary　to　know　much　of　human　nature　to　know　how　these　men　treated　the　Indians？　The　trappers　not　only　began　the　lucrative　fur　trade　of　the　West；　that　laid　the　foundation　for　several　vast　American　fortunes；　but　they　also　laid　the　foundation　for　a　series　of　Indian　wars　that　have　cost　the　United　States　more　lives　and　treasure　than　all　the　furs　ever　gathered　on　earth　were　worth。　And　not　only　did　they　take　the　furs　from　the　animals　they　trapped。　The　agents　of　the　Fur　Companies　（whether　British　or　American）　took　them　from　the　Indians。　Read　Jim　Beckwourth's　accounts　of　how　he　traded　with　the　Indians；　and　listen　to　his　own　comments　upon　his　actions。　As　Dellenbaugh　vividly　says：　〃Roughshod　the　trapper　broke　the　wilderness；　fathomed　its　secret　places；　traversed　its　trails　and　passes；　marking　them　with　his　own　blood　and　more　vividly　with　that　of　the　natives。〃

The　Ashley　Fur　Camp　Is　Established。　Early　in　the　last　century；　the　trappers　were　operating　on　the　head　waters　of　the　Colorado　River。　Green　River　Valley　was　discovered；　and　in　1822　one　of　the　most　brilliant　men　of　the　West　of　that　period；　General　William　Henry　Ashley　（born　in　Virginia　in　1778；　went　to　Missouri　in　1802；　and　in　1820　was　its　first　governor）；　went　into　the　fur　trade　with　Andrew　Henry；　an　expert　trapper。　Two　years　later；　with　a　band　of　such　men　as　Henry；　Ashley　established　a　camp　in　Green　River　Valley；　and；　with　his　men；　set　out　on　expeditions　for　furs　and　pelts。

Inscription　at　Red　Canyon。　When　in　June；　1869；　Powell　and　his　party　were　passing　through　the　fourth　canyon　after　leaving　Green　River；　now　known　as　Red　Canyon；　they　saw　an　inscription　on　one　of　the　huge　rocks　above　the　river；　done　in　black　letters；　sheltered　by　a　slight　projection　of　the　rock　which　acted　as　a　cornice；　reading：

〃Ashley　18。。。5〃

The　third　figure　was　obscure　and　some　of　the　party　read　in　1835；　some　1855。

Ashley　Expedition　Unsuccessful。　It　should　have　been　read　1825。　Powell　was　not　familiar　with　the　history　of　the　fur　traders。　Ashley　was　an　unknown　name　to　him；　but　as　Chittenden　has　so　vividly　pointed　out；　he；　in　his　way；　left　his　impress　upon　our　Western　civilization　as　strongly　as　did　Powell。　Would　that　it　had　been　as　nobly；　as　grandly　beneficent。　Ashley　fitted　up　a　trapping　expedition　to　go　down　Green　River；　in　spite　of　its　known　dangers；　and；　expecting　to　find　beaver　in　plenty；　took　but　little　provisions　along　with　them。　At　first　they　did　fairly　well。　Then；　as　the　canyons　narrowed；　to　their　horror　and　distress；　as　we