the grand canyon of arizona-第39节

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d　Navahos　in　the　east；　Utes　and　Navahos　in　the　north；　Mohaves　and　Yumas　in　the　west　began　to　encroach　upon　them。　Envious　eyes　gazed　upon　their　houses　and　the　goods　that　industry　and　skill　had　gathered　within。　Those　who　had　no　food　stored　when　famine　swooped　upon　them；　came　and　begged　from　those　who　had。　By　and　by　jealousy　and　envy　prompted　theft；　and　then　strife　began。　Strife　spread　and　grew；　until　war　in　all　its　horrors　became　the　normal　condition。　In　self　preservation；　these　peaceable；　friendly；　hospitable　peoples　were　compelled　to　be　warriors。　But　their　foes　were　many　and　crafty；　skilful　in　war；　wary　in　attack　and　retreat。　Their　harassments　became　more　than　could　be　borne；　so；　in　their　desperation；　the　peaceable　people　retreated　to　the　cliffs　and　walls　of　the　Canyons；　where　surprise　could　be　guarded　against；　where　a　small　supply　of　water　could　be　reasonably　sure；　and　where；　not　too　far　away；　when　permitted　to　do　so；　they　might　cultivate　a　small　piece　of　arable　land。

Compelled　to　Wage　War。　Think　of　the　state　of　affairs！　A　state　of　perpetual　siege　and　watchfulness；　of　readiness　to　fight　at　any　moment；　of　keeping　lookouts　on　the　alert　day　and　night；　of　working　in　the　fields　with　one　hand　on　the　implements　of　peace　and　industry；　and　the　other　on　the　implements　of　war。　The　night　attack；　murder；　rapine；　fire　and　bloodshed　became　common　experiences；　and　the　discovery　of　many　bodies；　the　skulls　crushed　with　battleaxes；　of　skeletons　of　men　slain　with　the　deadly　arrow；　of　bodies　twisted　by　torture　and　charred　by　fire；　reveal　what　a　reign　of　terror　and　dread　that　epoch　must　have　been　in　the　land　of　the　cliff…dweller。

Houses　Became　Fortresses。　For　how　many　decades　or　centuries　this　lasted；　we　do　not　know。　Somewhat　uncertain　tradition　is　all　we　have　to　rely　upon。　But　ultimately　the　pressure　became　less　severe。　In　some　cases；　hostilities　largely　ceased；　in　others；　they　became　less　constant。　So　the　pueblos　we　find　in　existence　to…day　slowly　began　to　arise。　One　by　one；　the　bands　of　cliff…dwellers　dared　to　leave　their　wall　fortresses　and　to　build　in　more　congenial　places；　nearer　to　their　fields　and　springs　or　water…courses。　But；　taught　by　past　experience；　they　made　their　homes　into　fortresses。　The　houses　were　massed　together；　largely　for　protective　purposes；　there　was　no　means　of　easy　entrance　to　the　bottom　story　（they　were　built　from　two　to　seven　stories　high）；　the　only　way　provided　being　by　a　hatchway　and　ladder　from　the　roof。　The　rooms　of　the　second　story　were　thrust　back　a　little；　so　that　the　roof　of　the　first　story　formed　a　kind　of　courtyard　for　its　inhabitants。　Ladders　that　could　easily　be　removed　afforded　ingress　and　egress；　and　the　doorways　could　be　guarded　by　flat　slabs　of　rock。　Numerous　loop…holes　afforded　outlook　points；　and　also　opportunity　for　the　shooting　of　poisoned　arrows　upon　an　oncoming　foe。

Buildings　in　Inaccessible　Places。　In　some　cases；　as　that　of　the　Hopi　villages；　Acoma　and　old　Zuni；　the　new　towns　were　erected　upon　almost　inaccessible　mesas；　the　steep　trails　of　which　could　be　securely　guarded　against　an　army　by　a　handful　of　hidden　men。

Arrival　of　Spaniards。　This　was　the　state　of　affairs　when　the　Spaniards　marched　into　the　country　（after　the　reconnaissance　of　Fray　Marcos）；　under　the　leadership　of　Coronado　and　his　lieutenant；　the　ensign　Tovar。　Hence　it　will　be　seen　that　the　original　discoverers　and　inhabitants　of　the　Grand　Canyon　were　evidently　the　ancestors　of　the　present　pueblo　peoples。



CHAPTER　XXIV。　El　Tovar　And　Cardenas　And　The　Modern　Discovery　Of　The　Grand　Canyon

The　Spanish　Conquistadores。　Few　romances　are　more　fascinating　than　the　history　of　the　early　exploitations　of　this　continent　by　the　Spanish　conquistadores。　Cortes；　Pizarro；　Guzman；　Narvaez；　Coronado　are　names　to　conjure　with。　The　wonderful　successes　of　Cortes　naturally　excited　the　jealous　envy　and　cupidity　of　his　compeers。　In　his　earlier　experiences；　Cortes　had　aroused　the　anger　of　Velasquez；　Governor　of　Cuba。　Cortes；　in　one　of　his　many　acts　of　gallantry；　had　betrayed　the　sister　of　Velasquez's　mistress。　When　Velasquez　learned　the　facts；　to　peremptorily　commanded　Cortes；　who　was　his　subordinate；　to　marry　the　unhappy　girl。　Refusals　and　imprisonments；　threats　and　anger　were　the　natural　consequences；　and；　while　Cortes　did　ultimately　marry　her；　the　enmity　thus　engendered　bore　bitter　fruit　for　the　husband。

Breach　between　Cortes　and　Velasquez。　When　Cortes　made　his　effective　conquests　on　the　mainland　and　sought　to　supplant　Velasquez；　the　breach　between　the　two　men　considerably　widened。　Both　sought；　with　embassies；　the　ear　of　the　King　of　Spain；　Charles　V；　and　while　the　future　conqueror　made　a　deep　impression　with　his　reports　of　conquests　to　come　and　treasures　already　in　hand；　the　Governor's　friends　were　not　slow　to　act。　Meanwhile；　Cortes　had　hit　upon　the　bold　plan　of　destroying　his　ships；　and　thus　compelling　his　men　to　march　to　the　subjugation　of　Mexico。　Velasquez　was　about　to　dispatch　Panfilo　de　Narvaez　with　a　commission　as　captain…general　to　arrest　him；　and　send　him　in　chains　to　Cuba。　The　king；　however；　would　not　permit　this；　and　Narvaez　was　sent　forth　charged　to　be　friendly　to　Cortes。　But　this　was　not　to　be。　Events　prevented；　and　Narvaez　finally　decided　to　place　Cortes　and　his　whole　army　under　arrest。　This　was　a　great　undertaking；　and　required　skilful　generalship；　as　well　as　boldness　and　skill　in　execution。　Though　a　gallant　warrior；　Narvaez　was　not　equal　to　the　task　he　had　set　himself；　and　Cortes；　having　learned　what　was　before　him；　turned　the　tables　upon　Narvaez　and　his　force　by　becoming　the　arrestor　instead　of　the　arrested。　It　requires　no　great　knowledge　of　human　nature　to　picture　the　fierce　anger　of　Narvaez　and　his　men。　When　Cortes　eventually　released　them；　it　was　on　condition　that　he　be　left　alone；　and　that　Narvaez　return　to　Spain。　The　defeated　man；　with　anger　burning　his　jealous　heart　to　a　white　heat；　did　return；　and　immediately　demanded　of　the　king　some　mission　that　should　allow　him　to　remove　the　disgrace　from　his　name。　To　get　rid　of　him；　the　king　sent　him　to　the　conquest　of　what　is　now　Florida。

Expedition　to　Florida。　It　was　a　brave　expedition　that　set　forth　on　a　bright　day　in　June；　1527。　Five　ships　and　six　hundred　men　made　quite　a　showing；　yet　the　Atlantic　Ocean；　aided　by　storms　and　winds；　flouted　and　routed　them；　so　that　it　was　April　of　the　following　year　before　the　main　part　of　the　expedition　landed　at　Tampa　Bay。　Of　the　total　destruction　of　the　party；　save　Cabeza　de　Vaca　and　three　or　four　others；　all　readers　are　fairly　familiar；　as　they　are　likewise　of　De　Vaca's　wonderful　eight　years'　journey　across　the　continent。

Arrival　at　San　Miguel。　I　have　thus　rapidly　traced　these　events　in　the　early　history　of　the　exploration　of　this　continent；　for　it　was　the　wanderings　of　Cabeza　de　Vaca　and　his　final　arrival　at　San　Miguel　in　New　Galicia　that　brought　the　Ensign　Tovar　into　Arizona；　and　led　to　the　discovery　of　the　Grand　Canyon。

Preliminary　Reconnaissance。　The　Viceroy　of　New　Spain　at　that　time　was　Antonio　de　Mendoza；　a　wise；　loyal　and　farseeing　man。　He　was　anxious　to　checkmate　Cortes；　and　to　show　that　others　besides　the　great；　though　treacherous　conqueror；　could　make　discoveries　of　new　lands；　where　gold　was　abundant；　and　where　colonies　could　be　established。　Yet　he　would　not　be　rash。　Before　sending　out　a　large　expedition　to　conquer　the　cities　and　fertile　land　Cabeza　de　Vaca　had　described；　it　would　be　wise　and　cautious　to　send　a　cool…headed　man；　one　who　was　prepared　for　any　hardship；　one　who　had　no　lust　for　gold　in　his　own　soul；　yet　who　could　be　relied　upon　to　bring　back　a　straight　and　true　story　to　the　viceroy　as　to　whatever　he　might　discover　concerning　De　Vaca's　stories。　He　should　be　accompanied　by　Stephen；　the　negro；　who　was　one　of　De　Vaca's　companions；　and　thus　he　would　be　accurately　guided　to　the　places　that　had　been　described。　The　man　chosen　for　this　important　reconnaissance　was　a　devoted　Franciscan；　Fray　Marcos；　to　whom　I　have　devoted　the　next　chapter　of　this　book。　Marcos　went；　saw；　returned　and　reported；　and　upon　his　report　the　expedition　of　Coronado　was　equipped　and　fitted　out。

Coronado's　Army。　The　fervor　with　which　the　Spanish　gallants　joined　Coronado's　army　of　exploration　is　realized　when　one　remembers　that　three　hundred　Spaniards　as　well　as　eight　hundred　Indians　were　gathered　together　in　a　few　days。　Coronado　was　a　Spanish　grandee；　traveling　at　the　time　of　De　Vaca's　arrival　as　a　royal　official　visitor。　In　the　words　of　Castaneda　he　was　〃a　gentleman　from　Salamanca；　who　had　married　a　lady　in　the　City　of　Mexico；　the　daughter　of　Alonso　de　Estrada；　the　treasurer　and　at　one　time　governor　of　Mexico；　and　the　son　（most　people　said）　of　his　Catholic　Majesty　Don　Ferdinand；　and　many　state　it　as　certain。〃　And　the　same　historian　later　on　continues；　in　his　simple　and　naive　way；　to　tell　us　about　Tovar　and　many　others：　〃When　the　Viceroy；　Don　Antonio　de　Mendoza；　saw　what　a　noble　company　had　come　together；　and　the　spirit　and　good　will　with　which　they　had　all　presented　themselves；　knowing　the　worth　of　these　men；　he　would　have　liked　very　well　to　make　every　one　of　them　captain　of　an　army；　but　as　the　whole　number　was　small　he　could　not　do　as　he　would　have　liked；　and　so　he　appointed　the　captains　and　officers　because　it　seemed　to　him　that　if　they　were　appointed