Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the grand canyon of arizona >

µÚ39½Ú

the grand canyon of arizona-µÚ39½Ú

С˵£º the grand canyon of arizona ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



d¡¡Navahos¡¡in¡¡the¡¡east£»¡¡Utes¡¡and¡¡Navahos¡¡in¡¡the¡¡north£»¡¡Mohaves¡¡and¡¡Yumas¡¡in¡¡the¡¡west¡¡began¡¡to¡¡encroach¡¡upon¡¡them¡£¡¡Envious¡¡eyes¡¡gazed¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡houses¡¡and¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡that¡¡industry¡¡and¡¡skill¡¡had¡¡gathered¡¡within¡£¡¡Those¡¡who¡¡had¡¡no¡¡food¡¡stored¡¡when¡¡famine¡¡swooped¡¡upon¡¡them£»¡¡came¡¡and¡¡begged¡¡from¡¡those¡¡who¡¡had¡£¡¡By¡¡and¡¡by¡¡jealousy¡¡and¡¡envy¡¡prompted¡¡theft£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡strife¡¡began¡£¡¡Strife¡¡spread¡¡and¡¡grew£»¡¡until¡¡war¡¡in¡¡all¡¡its¡¡horrors¡¡became¡¡the¡¡normal¡¡condition¡£¡¡In¡¡self¡¡preservation£»¡¡these¡¡peaceable£»¡¡friendly£»¡¡hospitable¡¡peoples¡¡were¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡be¡¡warriors¡£¡¡But¡¡their¡¡foes¡¡were¡¡many¡¡and¡¡crafty£»¡¡skilful¡¡in¡¡war£»¡¡wary¡¡in¡¡attack¡¡and¡¡retreat¡£¡¡Their¡¡harassments¡¡became¡¡more¡¡than¡¡could¡¡be¡¡borne£»¡¡so£»¡¡in¡¡their¡¡desperation£»¡¡the¡¡peaceable¡¡people¡¡retreated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cliffs¡¡and¡¡walls¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Canyons£»¡¡where¡¡surprise¡¡could¡¡be¡¡guarded¡¡against£»¡¡where¡¡a¡¡small¡¡supply¡¡of¡¡water¡¡could¡¡be¡¡reasonably¡¡sure£»¡¡and¡¡where£»¡¡not¡¡too¡¡far¡¡away£»¡¡when¡¡permitted¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so£»¡¡they¡¡might¡¡cultivate¡¡a¡¡small¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡arable¡¡land¡£

Compelled¡¡to¡¡Wage¡¡War¡£¡¡Think¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡affairs£¡¡¡A¡¡state¡¡of¡¡perpetual¡¡siege¡¡and¡¡watchfulness£»¡¡of¡¡readiness¡¡to¡¡fight¡¡at¡¡any¡¡moment£»¡¡of¡¡keeping¡¡lookouts¡¡on¡¡the¡¡alert¡¡day¡¡and¡¡night£»¡¡of¡¡working¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fields¡¡with¡¡one¡¡hand¡¡on¡¡the¡¡implements¡¡of¡¡peace¡¡and¡¡industry£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡on¡¡the¡¡implements¡¡of¡¡war¡£¡¡The¡¡night¡¡attack£»¡¡murder£»¡¡rapine£»¡¡fire¡¡and¡¡bloodshed¡¡became¡¡common¡¡experiences£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡discovery¡¡of¡¡many¡¡bodies£»¡¡the¡¡skulls¡¡crushed¡¡with¡¡battleaxes£»¡¡of¡¡skeletons¡¡of¡¡men¡¡slain¡¡with¡¡the¡¡deadly¡¡arrow£»¡¡of¡¡bodies¡¡twisted¡¡by¡¡torture¡¡and¡¡charred¡¡by¡¡fire£»¡¡reveal¡¡what¡¡a¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡terror¡¡and¡¡dread¡¡that¡¡epoch¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡in¡¡the¡¡land¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cliff¡­dweller¡£

Houses¡¡Became¡¡Fortresses¡£¡¡For¡¡how¡¡many¡¡decades¡¡or¡¡centuries¡¡this¡¡lasted£»¡¡we¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡£¡¡Somewhat¡¡uncertain¡¡tradition¡¡is¡¡all¡¡we¡¡have¡¡to¡¡rely¡¡upon¡£¡¡But¡¡ultimately¡¡the¡¡pressure¡¡became¡¡less¡¡severe¡£¡¡In¡¡some¡¡cases£»¡¡hostilities¡¡largely¡¡ceased£»¡¡in¡¡others£»¡¡they¡¡became¡¡less¡¡constant¡£¡¡So¡¡the¡¡pueblos¡¡we¡¡find¡¡in¡¡existence¡¡to¡­day¡¡slowly¡¡began¡¡to¡¡arise¡£¡¡One¡¡by¡¡one£»¡¡the¡¡bands¡¡of¡¡cliff¡­dwellers¡¡dared¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡their¡¡wall¡¡fortresses¡¡and¡¡to¡¡build¡¡in¡¡more¡¡congenial¡¡places£»¡¡nearer¡¡to¡¡their¡¡fields¡¡and¡¡springs¡¡or¡¡water¡­courses¡£¡¡But£»¡¡taught¡¡by¡¡past¡¡experience£»¡¡they¡¡made¡¡their¡¡homes¡¡into¡¡fortresses¡£¡¡The¡¡houses¡¡were¡¡massed¡¡together£»¡¡largely¡¡for¡¡protective¡¡purposes£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡means¡¡of¡¡easy¡¡entrance¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom¡¡story¡¡£¨they¡¡were¡¡built¡¡from¡¡two¡¡to¡¡seven¡¡stories¡¡high£©£»¡¡the¡¡only¡¡way¡¡provided¡¡being¡¡by¡¡a¡¡hatchway¡¡and¡¡ladder¡¡from¡¡the¡¡roof¡£¡¡The¡¡rooms¡¡of¡¡the¡¡second¡¡story¡¡were¡¡thrust¡¡back¡¡a¡¡little£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡roof¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡story¡¡formed¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡courtyard¡¡for¡¡its¡¡inhabitants¡£¡¡Ladders¡¡that¡¡could¡¡easily¡¡be¡¡removed¡¡afforded¡¡ingress¡¡and¡¡egress£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡doorways¡¡could¡¡be¡¡guarded¡¡by¡¡flat¡¡slabs¡¡of¡¡rock¡£¡¡Numerous¡¡loop¡­holes¡¡afforded¡¡outlook¡¡points£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡opportunity¡¡for¡¡the¡¡shooting¡¡of¡¡poisoned¡¡arrows¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡oncoming¡¡foe¡£

Buildings¡¡in¡¡Inaccessible¡¡Places¡£¡¡In¡¡some¡¡cases£»¡¡as¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hopi¡¡villages£»¡¡Acoma¡¡and¡¡old¡¡Zuni£»¡¡the¡¡new¡¡towns¡¡were¡¡erected¡¡upon¡¡almost¡¡inaccessible¡¡mesas£»¡¡the¡¡steep¡¡trails¡¡of¡¡which¡¡could¡¡be¡¡securely¡¡guarded¡¡against¡¡an¡¡army¡¡by¡¡a¡¡handful¡¡of¡¡hidden¡¡men¡£

Arrival¡¡of¡¡Spaniards¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Spaniards¡¡marched¡¡into¡¡the¡¡country¡¡£¨after¡¡the¡¡reconnaissance¡¡of¡¡Fray¡¡Marcos£©£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡leadership¡¡of¡¡Coronado¡¡and¡¡his¡¡lieutenant£»¡¡the¡¡ensign¡¡Tovar¡£¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡the¡¡original¡¡discoverers¡¡and¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Grand¡¡Canyon¡¡were¡¡evidently¡¡the¡¡ancestors¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡pueblo¡¡peoples¡£



CHAPTER¡¡XXIV¡£¡¡El¡¡Tovar¡¡And¡¡Cardenas¡¡And¡¡The¡¡Modern¡¡Discovery¡¡Of¡¡The¡¡Grand¡¡Canyon

The¡¡Spanish¡¡Conquistadores¡£¡¡Few¡¡romances¡¡are¡¡more¡¡fascinating¡¡than¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡early¡¡exploitations¡¡of¡¡this¡¡continent¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡conquistadores¡£¡¡Cortes£»¡¡Pizarro£»¡¡Guzman£»¡¡Narvaez£»¡¡Coronado¡¡are¡¡names¡¡to¡¡conjure¡¡with¡£¡¡The¡¡wonderful¡¡successes¡¡of¡¡Cortes¡¡naturally¡¡excited¡¡the¡¡jealous¡¡envy¡¡and¡¡cupidity¡¡of¡¡his¡¡compeers¡£¡¡In¡¡his¡¡earlier¡¡experiences£»¡¡Cortes¡¡had¡¡aroused¡¡the¡¡anger¡¡of¡¡Velasquez£»¡¡Governor¡¡of¡¡Cuba¡£¡¡Cortes£»¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡many¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡gallantry£»¡¡had¡¡betrayed¡¡the¡¡sister¡¡of¡¡Velasquez's¡¡mistress¡£¡¡When¡¡Velasquez¡¡learned¡¡the¡¡facts£»¡¡to¡¡peremptorily¡¡commanded¡¡Cortes£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡his¡¡subordinate£»¡¡to¡¡marry¡¡the¡¡unhappy¡¡girl¡£¡¡Refusals¡¡and¡¡imprisonments£»¡¡threats¡¡and¡¡anger¡¡were¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡consequences£»¡¡and£»¡¡while¡¡Cortes¡¡did¡¡ultimately¡¡marry¡¡her£»¡¡the¡¡enmity¡¡thus¡¡engendered¡¡bore¡¡bitter¡¡fruit¡¡for¡¡the¡¡husband¡£

Breach¡¡between¡¡Cortes¡¡and¡¡Velasquez¡£¡¡When¡¡Cortes¡¡made¡¡his¡¡effective¡¡conquests¡¡on¡¡the¡¡mainland¡¡and¡¡sought¡¡to¡¡supplant¡¡Velasquez£»¡¡the¡¡breach¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡men¡¡considerably¡¡widened¡£¡¡Both¡¡sought£»¡¡with¡¡embassies£»¡¡the¡¡ear¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡of¡¡Spain£»¡¡Charles¡¡V£»¡¡and¡¡while¡¡the¡¡future¡¡conqueror¡¡made¡¡a¡¡deep¡¡impression¡¡with¡¡his¡¡reports¡¡of¡¡conquests¡¡to¡¡come¡¡and¡¡treasures¡¡already¡¡in¡¡hand£»¡¡the¡¡Governor's¡¡friends¡¡were¡¡not¡¡slow¡¡to¡¡act¡£¡¡Meanwhile£»¡¡Cortes¡¡had¡¡hit¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡bold¡¡plan¡¡of¡¡destroying¡¡his¡¡ships£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡compelling¡¡his¡¡men¡¡to¡¡march¡¡to¡¡the¡¡subjugation¡¡of¡¡Mexico¡£¡¡Velasquez¡¡was¡¡about¡¡to¡¡dispatch¡¡Panfilo¡¡de¡¡Narvaez¡¡with¡¡a¡¡commission¡¡as¡¡captain¡­general¡¡to¡¡arrest¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡send¡¡him¡¡in¡¡chains¡¡to¡¡Cuba¡£¡¡The¡¡king£»¡¡however£»¡¡would¡¡not¡¡permit¡¡this£»¡¡and¡¡Narvaez¡¡was¡¡sent¡¡forth¡¡charged¡¡to¡¡be¡¡friendly¡¡to¡¡Cortes¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡was¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡£¡¡Events¡¡prevented£»¡¡and¡¡Narvaez¡¡finally¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡place¡¡Cortes¡¡and¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡army¡¡under¡¡arrest¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡a¡¡great¡¡undertaking£»¡¡and¡¡required¡¡skilful¡¡generalship£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡boldness¡¡and¡¡skill¡¡in¡¡execution¡£¡¡Though¡¡a¡¡gallant¡¡warrior£»¡¡Narvaez¡¡was¡¡not¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡the¡¡task¡¡he¡¡had¡¡set¡¡himself£»¡¡and¡¡Cortes£»¡¡having¡¡learned¡¡what¡¡was¡¡before¡¡him£»¡¡turned¡¡the¡¡tables¡¡upon¡¡Narvaez¡¡and¡¡his¡¡force¡¡by¡¡becoming¡¡the¡¡arrestor¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡the¡¡arrested¡£¡¡It¡¡requires¡¡no¡¡great¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡human¡¡nature¡¡to¡¡picture¡¡the¡¡fierce¡¡anger¡¡of¡¡Narvaez¡¡and¡¡his¡¡men¡£¡¡When¡¡Cortes¡¡eventually¡¡released¡¡them£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡on¡¡condition¡¡that¡¡he¡¡be¡¡left¡¡alone£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡Narvaez¡¡return¡¡to¡¡Spain¡£¡¡The¡¡defeated¡¡man£»¡¡with¡¡anger¡¡burning¡¡his¡¡jealous¡¡heart¡¡to¡¡a¡¡white¡¡heat£»¡¡did¡¡return£»¡¡and¡¡immediately¡¡demanded¡¡of¡¡the¡¡king¡¡some¡¡mission¡¡that¡¡should¡¡allow¡¡him¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡the¡¡disgrace¡¡from¡¡his¡¡name¡£¡¡To¡¡get¡¡rid¡¡of¡¡him£»¡¡the¡¡king¡¡sent¡¡him¡¡to¡¡the¡¡conquest¡¡of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡now¡¡Florida¡£

Expedition¡¡to¡¡Florida¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡brave¡¡expedition¡¡that¡¡set¡¡forth¡¡on¡¡a¡¡bright¡¡day¡¡in¡¡June£»¡¡1527¡£¡¡Five¡¡ships¡¡and¡¡six¡¡hundred¡¡men¡¡made¡¡quite¡¡a¡¡showing£»¡¡yet¡¡the¡¡Atlantic¡¡Ocean£»¡¡aided¡¡by¡¡storms¡¡and¡¡winds£»¡¡flouted¡¡and¡¡routed¡¡them£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡April¡¡of¡¡the¡¡following¡¡year¡¡before¡¡the¡¡main¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡expedition¡¡landed¡¡at¡¡Tampa¡¡Bay¡£¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡total¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡party£»¡¡save¡¡Cabeza¡¡de¡¡Vaca¡¡and¡¡three¡¡or¡¡four¡¡others£»¡¡all¡¡readers¡¡are¡¡fairly¡¡familiar£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡likewise¡¡of¡¡De¡¡Vaca's¡¡wonderful¡¡eight¡¡years'¡¡journey¡¡across¡¡the¡¡continent¡£

Arrival¡¡at¡¡San¡¡Miguel¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡thus¡¡rapidly¡¡traced¡¡these¡¡events¡¡in¡¡the¡¡early¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡exploration¡¡of¡¡this¡¡continent£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡wanderings¡¡of¡¡Cabeza¡¡de¡¡Vaca¡¡and¡¡his¡¡final¡¡arrival¡¡at¡¡San¡¡Miguel¡¡in¡¡New¡¡Galicia¡¡that¡¡brought¡¡the¡¡Ensign¡¡Tovar¡¡into¡¡Arizona£»¡¡and¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡discovery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Grand¡¡Canyon¡£

Preliminary¡¡Reconnaissance¡£¡¡The¡¡Viceroy¡¡of¡¡New¡¡Spain¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time¡¡was¡¡Antonio¡¡de¡¡Mendoza£»¡¡a¡¡wise£»¡¡loyal¡¡and¡¡farseeing¡¡man¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡anxious¡¡to¡¡checkmate¡¡Cortes£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡others¡¡besides¡¡the¡¡great£»¡¡though¡¡treacherous¡¡conqueror£»¡¡could¡¡make¡¡discoveries¡¡of¡¡new¡¡lands£»¡¡where¡¡gold¡¡was¡¡abundant£»¡¡and¡¡where¡¡colonies¡¡could¡¡be¡¡established¡£¡¡Yet¡¡he¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡rash¡£¡¡Before¡¡sending¡¡out¡¡a¡¡large¡¡expedition¡¡to¡¡conquer¡¡the¡¡cities¡¡and¡¡fertile¡¡land¡¡Cabeza¡¡de¡¡Vaca¡¡had¡¡described£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡wise¡¡and¡¡cautious¡¡to¡¡send¡¡a¡¡cool¡­headed¡¡man£»¡¡one¡¡who¡¡was¡¡prepared¡¡for¡¡any¡¡hardship£»¡¡one¡¡who¡¡had¡¡no¡¡lust¡¡for¡¡gold¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡soul£»¡¡yet¡¡who¡¡could¡¡be¡¡relied¡¡upon¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡back¡¡a¡¡straight¡¡and¡¡true¡¡story¡¡to¡¡the¡¡viceroy¡¡as¡¡to¡¡whatever¡¡he¡¡might¡¡discover¡¡concerning¡¡De¡¡Vaca's¡¡stories¡£¡¡He¡¡should¡¡be¡¡accompanied¡¡by¡¡Stephen£»¡¡the¡¡negro£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡De¡¡Vaca's¡¡companions£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡he¡¡would¡¡be¡¡accurately¡¡guided¡¡to¡¡the¡¡places¡¡that¡¡had¡¡been¡¡described¡£¡¡The¡¡man¡¡chosen¡¡for¡¡this¡¡important¡¡reconnaissance¡¡was¡¡a¡¡devoted¡¡Franciscan£»¡¡Fray¡¡Marcos£»¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡I¡¡have¡¡devoted¡¡the¡¡next¡¡chapter¡¡of¡¡this¡¡book¡£¡¡Marcos¡¡went£»¡¡saw£»¡¡returned¡¡and¡¡reported£»¡¡and¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡report¡¡the¡¡expedition¡¡of¡¡Coronado¡¡was¡¡equipped¡¡and¡¡fitted¡¡out¡£

Coronado's¡¡Army¡£¡¡The¡¡fervor¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡gallants¡¡joined¡¡Coronado's¡¡army¡¡of¡¡exploration¡¡is¡¡realized¡¡when¡¡one¡¡remembers¡¡that¡¡three¡¡hundred¡¡Spaniards¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡eight¡¡hundred¡¡Indians¡¡were¡¡gathered¡¡together¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡days¡£¡¡Coronado¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Spanish¡¡grandee£»¡¡traveling¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡De¡¡Vaca's¡¡arrival¡¡as¡¡a¡¡royal¡¡official¡¡visitor¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡words¡¡of¡¡Castaneda¡¡he¡¡was¡¡¡¨a¡¡gentleman¡¡from¡¡Salamanca£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡married¡¡a¡¡lady¡¡in¡¡the¡¡City¡¡of¡¡Mexico£»¡¡the¡¡daughter¡¡of¡¡Alonso¡¡de¡¡Estrada£»¡¡the¡¡treasurer¡¡and¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡governor¡¡of¡¡Mexico£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡son¡¡£¨most¡¡people¡¡said£©¡¡of¡¡his¡¡Catholic¡¡Majesty¡¡Don¡¡Ferdinand£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡state¡¡it¡¡as¡¡certain¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡the¡¡same¡¡historian¡¡later¡¡on¡¡continues£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡simple¡¡and¡¡naive¡¡way£»¡¡to¡¡tell¡¡us¡¡about¡¡Tovar¡¡and¡¡many¡¡others£º¡¡¡¨When¡¡the¡¡Viceroy£»¡¡Don¡¡Antonio¡¡de¡¡Mendoza£»¡¡saw¡¡what¡¡a¡¡noble¡¡company¡¡had¡¡come¡¡together£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡and¡¡good¡¡will¡¡with¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡all¡¡presented¡¡themselves£»¡¡knowing¡¡the¡¡worth¡¡of¡¡these¡¡men£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡have¡¡liked¡¡very¡¡well¡¡to¡¡make¡¡every¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡captain¡¡of¡¡an¡¡army£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡number¡¡was¡¡small¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not¡¡do¡¡as¡¡he¡¡would¡¡have¡¡liked£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡he¡¡appointed¡¡the¡¡captains¡¡and¡¡officers¡¡because¡¡it¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡him¡¡that¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡appointed

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ