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Mex。 Bound。 t。 10)  Type; the Wright and Bigelow specimens in Herb。 Mo。 Bot。 Gard。

On limestone hills; from the Pecos River; southwestern Texas; and southern New Mexico; westward to the Rio Grande (from Presidio del Norte northward)。  Fl。 June。

Specimens examined: Texas (Wright of 1849; 1851; 1852; Bigelow of 1852; Engelmann; with no number or date; Evans of 1891)。

The characteristic appearance of the plant is given by the very stout and straight central spine standing in each cluster perpendicular to the plant body。  The range of this species; between the Pecos and the upper Rio Grande; suggests another separated group; such as is presented by C。 scolymoides sulcatus to the east; between the Brazos and Nueces。  Very frequently specimens of C。 echinus occur in which some of the tubercles do not develop central spines; and then the spine characters resemble those of C。 radians。  In C。 radians; also; an occasional porrect central spine is found。  These intergrading forms I have only seen in Mexican material。  For discussion of relationships see under C。 scolymoides。

  ** Flowers red。    + Central spine solitary or sometimes wanting。

51。 Cactus dasyacanthus  (Engelm。) Kuntze; Rev。 Gen。 Pl。 259     (1891)。

  Mamillaria dasyacantha  Engelm。 Syn。 Cact。 268 (1856)。

Subglobose; 3。5 to 6。5 cm。 high; simple: tubercles slender and terete; spreading; lightly grooved even to the base; 8 to 10 mm; long: radial spines 30 to 50; mostly in two series; straight and loosely spreading; the exterior ones (25 to 35) capillary and white; 6 to 18 mm。 long; the interior ones (7 to 13) stiffer (setaceous); longer and darker and black…tipped; the central spine straight and porrect; 12 to 20 mm。 long; often wanting: flowers small; red: fruit ovate; small (8 to 10 mm。 long?): seeds globose…angled; almost black; pitted; 0。8 to 1。2 mm。 long  (Ill。 Cact。 Mex。 Bound。 t。 12。 figs。 17…22)  Type; Wright 110 in Herb。 Mo。 Bot Gard。

From Eagle Pass; Texas; westward to El Paso and southern New Mexico; and southward into Chihuahua。

Specimens examined: Texas (Wright 110 of 1852): New Mexico (Vasey of 1881; Mearns of 1892; in Big Hatchet Mountains) Chihuahua (Pringle 251 of 1885; in part)。

Pringle 251 as distributed to Nat。 Herb。 is C。 tuberculosus。

52。 Cactus maculatus; sp。 nov。

Obovate…cylindrical; 6 by 8 cm。; somewhat cespitose: tubercles ovate; terete; 10 mm。 long; grooved to the base; with naked axils: radial spines 10 or 11; straight and spreading; rigid; blackish (becoming ashy with age); black…tipped; 12 mm。 long; central spine large; more or less spotted; erect; 25 to 35 mm。 long: flower 13 mm。 long; pinkish: fruit unknown。  Type in Herb。 Coulter。

San Luis Potosi。

Specimens examined: San Luis Potosi (Eschanzier of 1891)。

Somewhat resembles C。 tuberculosus in general appearance; but very different in spine characters。

53。 Cactus brunneus; sp。 nov。

Obovate…cylindrical; 3 by 6 cm。; simple: tubercles ovate; grooved to the base; 5 to 6 mm。 long; with woolly axils: radial spines 11 to 15; spreading; rather rigid and brownish (lighter with age); 8 to 10 mm。 long; central spine much larger; 20 mm; long; hooked: flower and fruit unknown。  Type in Herb。 Coulter。

San Luis Potosi。

Specimens examined: San Luis Potosi (Eschanzier of 1891)。

  ++ Central spines 3 to 12。

54。 Cactus conoideus  (DC。) Kuntze; Rev。 Gen。 Pl。 260 (1891)。

  Mamillaria conoidea  DC。 Rev。 Cact。 112 (1829)。   Mamillaria strobiliformis  Engelm。 Wisliz。 Rep。 113 (1848); not     Scheer (1850)。

Ovate…conical; 3。5 to 10 cm。 high; 4 to 7 cm。 in diameter below; with densely woolly vertex; simple: tubercles conical; about 12 mm; long; closely appressed…imbricate (〃giving the plant the appearance of a pineapple or cone〃): radial spines 10 to 16; ashy to white; straight and stout; 6 to 10 mm。 long; the upper longer (10 to 15 mm。); central spines 3 to 5; stouter; brownish…black; 10 to 16 mm。 long; the two or three smaller ones erect…spreading; the single lower one more rigid; porrect or deflexed; 15 to 20 mm。 long: flowers 2 to 3 cm long and wide; deep purple: fruit unknown。  (Ill。 DC。 Mem。 Cact。 t。 2)  Type unknown。

On rocks; Coahuila and Nuevo Leon to San Luis Potosi and southern Mexico。

Specimens examined: Coahuila (Palmer 378 of 1882; Pringle 3117 of 1890): Nuevo Leon (Wislizenus of 1847): San Luis Potosi (Poselger of 1851; Eschanzier of 1891)。

55。 Cactus potsii  (Scheer) Kuntze; Rev。 Gen。 Pl。 261 (1891)。

  Mamillaria potsii  Scheer in Salm Cact。 Hort。 Dyck。 104 (1850)。

Cylindrical; 30 to 35 cm。 high; 2。5 to 3 cm。 in diameter; somewhat branching: tubercles ovate; obtuse; very lightly sulcate; with somewhat woolly axils: radial spines very numerous (entirely covering the whole plant); slender and white; central spines 6 to 12; stouter from a broad base: flowers large; green; or reddish: fruit red。  Type unknown。

From the Rio Grande region; near Laredo; Texas; to Chihuahua。

Specimens examined: Texas (Poselger of 1851): Chihuahua (specimens from Coll。 Salm…Dyck。)。

56。 Cactus tuberculosus  (Engelm。) Kuntze; Rev。 Gen。 Pl。 261 (1891)。

  Mamillaria strobiliformis  Scheer in Salm Cact。 Hort。 Dyck。 104     (1850); not Muhlenpf。 (1848); nor Engelm。 (1848)。   Mamillaria tuberculosa  Engelm。 Syn。 Cact。 268 (1856)。

Ovate to cylindrical; 5 to 15 cm。 high; 2。5 to 5 cm。 in diameter; simple or branching at base: tubercles short…ovate from a broad base; 5 to 6 mm。 long; deeply grooved; crowded and imbricate; at length covering the older parts as naked and gray corky protuberances: radial spines 20 to 30; slender but stiff; white; radiant and interwoven with adjacent clusters; 4 to 8 mm。 long (uppermost rarely 10 to 12 mm。); central spines 5 to 9; stouter; purplish above; the upper ones longer; erect; 10 to 14 mm。 long (sometimes even 16 to 18 mm。); the lower one shorter (6 to 8 mm。); stout; porrect or deflexed: flowers about 2。5 cm。 in diameter; pale purple: fruit oval; elongated (sometimes almost cylindric); red; about 18 mm。 long: seeds subglobose; brown and pitted; very small (0。8 to 1。2 mm。 long)。  (Ill。 Cact。 Mex。 Bound。 t。 12。 figs。 1…16)  Type of Scheer's strobiliformis is unknown; but the specimens of Prince Salm…Dyck in Herb。 Mo。 Bot。 Gard。 are marked 〃authentic〃 by Dr。 Engelmann。  The Wright specimens in the same Herb; represent the type of M tuberculosa Engelm。

From the mountains of extreme southwestern Texas (common west of Devil's River); southward into Chihuahua and Coahuila。  Fl。 May…June。

Specimens examined: Texas (Wright 18; 19; 20; 23; 24; 29; 30;31;32; 535; of 1849 and 1852; Bigelow of 1852; Engelmann; with no number or date; Evans of 1891): Chihuahua (Pringle 250; 251 in part; and 258 of 1885): Coahuila (Palmer of 1880): also specimens from Coll。 Salm。 Dyck in 1857; also growing in Mo Bot。 Gard。 1893 (specimens; sent by G。 G。 Briggs in 1892 from El Paso; Texas。

The identification of Engelmann's tuberculosa with Scheer's strobiliformis was made by Dr。 Engelmann himself upon an examination of Scheer's type。  The use of the specific name tuberculosa is necessitated by the law of homonyms; as strobiliformis had been used twice already before it was taken up by Scheer。  M。 strobiliformis Muhlenpf。 is C。 scolymoides sulcatus; and M。 strobiliformis Engelm。 is C。 conoideus。

57。 Cactus viviparus  Nutt。 in Fraser's Cat。 (1813)。

  Mamillaria vivipara  Haw。 Syn。 Succ。 Suppl。 72 (1819)。

Low and depressed…globose; usually proliferous and cespitose (forming large masses); but sometimes simple: tubercles terete and loose; lightly grooved: radial spines 12 to 20; stiff and white; often dark…tipped; 6 to 8 mm。 long; central spines usually 4 (sometimes less; often more; even as many as 8); brownish; 8 to 12 mm。 long; 3 spreading upwards; the lowest stouter and shorter and deflexed: flowers about 3。5 cm。 long (large for the size of the plant) and even broader when expanded; bright purple: stigmas pointed with a short mucro: fruit oval; pale green; juicy; 12 to 18 mm。 long: seeds yellowish…brown; obliquely obovate and curved about the small hilum; 1。4 to 1。6 mm。 long)。  (Ill。 Cact。 Mex。 Bound。 t。 74。 fig。 3; seeds)  Type unknown。

On the northwestern plains; from the boundary provinces of British America (western Manitoba; Assiniboia and Alberta); and throughout the Upper Missouri region; southward through western Nebraska to western Kansas and to the eastern foothills of central Colorado。  It is also mentioned by Howell (Cat。 of Oregon; Washington and Idaho plants); as occurring beyond the Rocky Mountain divide in Idaho and Washington; which is probable; but no specimens have been seen。

Specimens examined: Montana (Hayden; nos。 1854; 1855; Vernon Bailey of 1890; near Bridger): Colorado (Hayden of 1869): Nebraska (Rydberg 1379 of 1893; Thomas Co。): also specimens cultivated in St。 Louis in 1869; also growing in Mo。 Bot。 Gard。 1893。

It seems best to keep this northwestern form specifically separate from that large assemblage of southern forms that have been commonly referred to it。  The forms referred to this species from western Kansas (Smyth's check list) have not been examined; and they may represent intermediate forms; inclining to simple habit and ovate form; as in the Colorado forms。  The southern type (C。 radios

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