darwin and modern science-第50节

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i〃　or　〃iwi〃　is　the　regular　word　for　〃bone〃　in　the　various　Polynesian　languages。　　See　E。　Tregear；　〃The　Maori…Polynesian　Comparative　Dictionary〃　（Wellington；　New　Zealand；　1891）；　page　109。）　　However；　the　same　tradition　has　been　recorded　in　other　parts　of　Polynesia　besides　Tahiti。　　Thus　the　natives　of　Fakaofo　or　Bowditch　Island　say　that　the　first　man　was　produced　out　of　a　stone。　　After　a　time　he　bethought　him　of　making　a　woman。　　So　he　gathered　earth　and　moulded　the　figure　of　a　woman　out　of　it；　and　having　done　so　he　took　a　rib　out　of　his　left　side　and　thrust　it　into　the　earthen　figure；　which　thereupon　started　up　a　live　woman。　　He　called　her　Ivi　（Eevee）　or　〃rib〃　and　took　her　to　wife；　and　the　whole　human　race　sprang　from　this　pair。　　（G。　Turner；　〃Samoa〃　（London；　1884）；　pages　267　sq。）　　The　Maoris　also　are　reported　to　believe　that　the　first　woman　was　made　out　of　the　first　man's　ribs。　　（J。L。　Nicholas；　〃Narrative　of　a　Voyage　to　New　Zealand〃　（London；　1817）；　I。　59；　who　writes　〃and　to　add　still　more　to　this　strange　coincidence；　the　general　term　for　bone　is　'Hevee'。〃）　　This　wide　diffusion　of　the　story　in　Polynesia　raises　a　doubt　whether　it　is　merely；　as　Ellis　thought；　a　repetition　of　the　Biblical　narrative　learned　from　Europeans。　　In　Nui；　or　Netherland　Island；　it　was　the　god　Aulialia　who　made　earthen　models　of　a　man　and　woman；　raised　them　up；　and　made　them　live。　　He　called　the　man　Tepapa　and　the　woman　Tetata。　　（G。　Turner；　〃Samoa〃；　pages　300　sq。）

In　the　Pelew　Islands　they　say　that　a　brother　and　sister　made　men　out　of　clay　kneaded　with　the　blood　of　various　animals；　and　that　the　characters　of　these　first　men　and　of　their　descendants　were　determined　by　the　characters　of　the　animals　whose　blood　had　been　kneaded　with　the　primordial　clay；　for　instance；　men　who　have　rat's　blood　in　them　are　thieves；　men　who　have　serpent's　blood　in　them　are　sneaks；　and　men　who　have　cock's　blood　in　them　are　brave。　　（J。　Kubary；　〃Die　Religion　der　Pelauer〃；　in　A。　Bastian's　〃Allerlei　aus　Volks…　und　Menschenkunde〃　（Berlin；　1888）；　I。　3；　56。）　　According　to　a　Melanesian　legend；　told　in　Mota；　one　of　the　Banks　Islands；　the　hero　Qat　moulded　men　of　clay；　the　red　clay　from　the　marshy　river…side　at　Vanua　Lava。　　At　first　he　made　men　and　pigs　just　alike；　but　his　brothers　remonstrated　with　him；　so　he　beat　down　the　pigs　to　go　on　all　fours　and　made　men　walk　upright。　　Qat　fashioned　the　first　woman　out　of　supple　twigs；　and　when　she　smiled　he　knew　she　was　a　living　woman。　　（R。H。　Codrington；　〃The　Melanesians〃　（Oxford；　1891）；　page　158。）　　A　somewhat　different　version　of　the　Melanesian　story　is　told　at　Lakona；　in　Santa　Maria。　　There　they　say　that　Qat　and　another　spirit　（〃vui〃）　called　Marawa　both　made　men。　　Qat　made　them　out　of　the　wood　of　dracaena…trees。　　Six　days　he　worked　at　them；　carving　their　limbs　and　fitting　them　together。　　Then　he　allowed　them　six　days　to　come　to　life。　　Three　days　he　hid　them　away；　and　three　days　more　he　worked　to　make　them　live。　　He　set　them　up　and　danced　to　them　and　beat　his　drum；　and　little　by　little　they　stirred；　till　at　last　they　could　stand　all　by　themselves。　　Then　Qat　divided　them　into　pairs　and　called　each　pair　husband　and　wife。　　Marawa　also　made　men　out　of　a　tree；　but　it　was　a　different　tree；　the　tavisoviso。　　He　likewise　worked　at　them　six　days；　beat　his　drum；　and　made　them　live；　just　as　Qat　did。　　But　when　he　saw　them　move；　he　dug　a　pit　and　buried　them　in　it　for　six　days；　and　then；　when　he　scraped　away　the　earth　to　see　what　they　were　doing；　he　found　them　all　rotten　and　stinking。　　That　was　the　origin　of　death。　　（R。H。　Codrington　op。　cit。；　pages　157　sq。）

The　inhabitants　of　Noo…Hoo…roa；　in　the　Kei　Islands　say　that　their　ancestors　were　fashioned　out　of　clay　by　the　supreme　god；　Dooadlera；　who　breathed　life　into　the　clay　figures。　　（C。M。　Pleyte；　〃Ethnographische　Beschrijving　der　Kei…Eilanden〃；　〃Tijdschrift　van　het　Nederlandsch　Aardrijkskundig　Genootschap〃；　Tweede　Serie　X。　（1893）；　page　564。）　　The　aborigines　of　Minahassa；　in　the　north　of　Celebes；　say　that　two　beings　called　Wailan　Wangko　and　Wangi　were　alone　on　an　island；　on　which　grew　a　cocoa…nut　tree。　　Said　Wailan　Wangko　to　Wangi；　〃Remain　on　earth　while　I　climb　up　the　tree。〃　　Said　Wangi　to　Wailan　Wangko；　〃Good。〃　　But　then　a　thought　occurred　to　Wangi　and　he　climbed　up　the　tree　to　ask　Wailan　Wangko　why　he；　Wangi；　should　remain　down　there　all　alone。　　Said　Wailan　Wangko　to　Wangi；　〃Return　and　take　earth　and　make　two　images；　a　man　and　a　woman。〃　　Wangi　did　so；　and　both　images　were　men　who　could　move　but　could　not　speak。　　So　Wangi　climbed　up　the　tree　to　ask　Wailan　Wangko；　〃How　now？　　The　two　images　are　made；　but　they　cannot　speak。〃　　Said　Wailan　Wangko　to　Wangi；　〃Take　this　ginger　and　go　and　blow　it　on　the　skulls　and　the　ears　of　these　two　images；　that　they　may　be　able　to　speak；　call　the　man　Adam　and　the　woman　Ewa。〃　　（N。　Graafland　〃De　Minahassa〃　（Rotterdam；　1869）；　I。　pages　96　sq。）　　In　this　narrative　the　names　of　the　man　and　woman　betray　European　influence；　but　the　rest　of　the　story　may　be　aboriginal。　　The　Dyaks　of　Sakarran　in　British　Borneo　say　that　the　first　man　was　made　by　two　large　birds。　　At　first　they　tried　to　make　men　out　of　trees；　but　in　vain。　　Then　they　hewed　them　out　of　rocks；　but　the　figures　could　not　speak。　　Then　they　moulded　a　man　out　of　damp　earth　and　infused　into　his　veins　the　red　gum　of　the　kumpang…tree。　　After　that　they　called　to　him　and　he　answered；　they　cut　him　and　blood　flowed　from　his　wounds。　　（Horsburgh；　quoted　by　H。　Ling　Roth；　〃The　Natives　of　Sarawak　and　of　British　North　Borneo〃　（London；　1896）；　I。　pages　299　sq。　　Compare　The　Lord　Bishop　of　Labuan；　〃On　the　Wild　Tribes　of　the　North…West　Coast　of　Borneo；〃　〃Transactions　of　the　Ethnological　Society　of　London〃；　New　Series；　II。　（1863）；　page　27。）

The　Kumis　of　South…Eastern　India　related　to　Captain　Lewin；　the　Deputy　Commissioner　of　Hill　Tracts；　the　following　tradition　of　the　creation　of　man。　　〃God　made　the　world　and　the　trees　and　the　creeping　things　first；　and　after　that　he　set　to　work　to　make　one　man　and　one　woman；　forming　their　bodies　of　clay；　but　each　night；　on　the　completion　of　his　work；　there　came　a　great　snake；　which；　while　God　was　sleeping；　devoured　the　two　images。　　This　happened　twice　or　thrice；　and　God　was　at　his　wit's　end；　for　he　had　to　work　all　day；　and　could　not　finish　the　pair　in　less　than　twelve　hours；　besides；　if　he　did　not　sleep；　he　would　be　no　good；〃　said　Captain　Lewin's　informant。　　〃If　he　were　not　obliged　to　sleep；　there　would　be　no　death；　nor　would　mankind　be　afflicted　with　illness。　　It　is　when　he　rests　that　the　snake　carries　us　off　to　this　day。　　Well；　he　was　at　his　wit's　end；　so　at　last　he　got　up　early　one　morning　and　first　made　a　dog　and　put　life　into　it；　and　that　night；　when　he　had　finished　the　images；　he　set　the　dog　to　watch　them；　and　when　the　snake　came；　the　dog　barked　and　frightened　it　away。　　This　is　the　reason　at　this　day　that　when　a　man　is　dying　the　dogs　begin　to　howl；　but　I　suppose　God　sleeps　heavily　now…a…days；　or　the　snake　is　bolder；　for　men　die　all　the　same。〃　　（Capt。　T。H。　Lewin；　〃Wild　Races　of　South…Eastern　India〃　（London；　1870）；　pages　224…26。）　　The　Khasis　of　Assam　tell　a　similar　tale。　　（A。　Bastian；　〃Volkerstamme　am　Brahmaputra　und　verwandtschaftliche　Nachbarn〃　（Berlin；　1883）；　page　8；　Major　P。R。T。　Gurdon；　〃The　Khasis〃　（London；　1907）；　page　106。）

The　Ewe…speaking　tribes　of　Togo…land；　in　West　Africa；　think　that　God　still　makes　men　out　of　clay。　　When　a　little　of　the　water　with　which　he　moistens　the　clay　remains　over；　he　pours　it　on　the　ground　and　out　of　that　he　makes　the　bad　and　disobedient　people。　　When　he　wishes　to　make　a　good　man　he　makes　him　out　of　good　clay；　but　when　he　wishes　to　make　a　bad　man；　he　employs　only　bad　clay　for　the　purpose。　　In　the　beginning　God　fashioned　a　man　and　set　him　on　the　earth；　after　that　he　fashioned　a　woman。　　The　two　looked　at　each　other　and　began　to　laugh；　whereupon　God　sent　them　into　the　world。　　（J。　Spieth；　〃Die　Ewe…Stamme；　Material　zur　Kunde　des　Ewe…Volkes　in　Deutsch…Togo〃　（Berlin；　1906）；　pages　828；　840。）　　The　Innuit　or　Esquimaux　of　Point　Barrow；　in　Alaska；　tell　of　a　time　when　there　was　no　man　in　the　land；　till　a　spirit　named　〃a　se　lu〃；　who　resided　at　Point　Barrow；　made　a　clay　man；　set　him　up　on　the　shore　to　dry；　breathed　into　him　and　gave　him　life。　　（〃Report　of　the　International　Expedition　to　Point　Barrow〃　（Washington；　1885）；　page　47。）　　Other　Esquimaux　of　Alaska　relate　how　the　Raven　made　the　first　woman　out　of　clay　to　be　a　companion　to　the　first　man；　he　fastened　water…grass　to　the　back　of　the　head　to　be　hair；　flapped　his　wings　over　the　clay　figure；　and　it　arose；　a　beautiful　young　woman。　　（E。W。　Nelson；　〃The　Eskimo　about　Bering　Strait〃；　〃Eighteenth　Annual　Report　of　the　Bureau　of　American　Ethnology〃；　Part　I。　（Washington；　1899）；　page　454。）　　The　Acagchemem　Indians　of　California　said　that　a　powerful　being　called　Chinigchinich　created　man　out　of　clay　which　he　found　on　the　banks　of　a　lake；　male　and　female　created　he　them；　and　the　Indians　of　the　present　day　are　their　descendants。　　（Friar　Geronimo　Boscana；　〃Chinigchinich〃；　appended　to　（A。　Robinson's）　〃Life　in　California〃　（New　York；　1846）；　page　247。）　　A　priest　of　the　Natchez　Indians　in　Louisiana　told　Du　Pratz　〃that　God　had　kneaded　some　clay；　such　as　that　which　potters　use　and　had　made　it　into　a　little　man；　and　that　after　examining　it；　and　finding　it　well　formed；　he　blew　up　h