historical lectures and essays(²é¶û˹½ð˹ÀûÀúÊ·½²×ù)-µÚ2½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
winter¡¡at¡¡Hope£»¡¡and¡¡last£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡least£»¡¡the¡¡terrible¡¡Freydisa£»¡¡who£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡
Norse¡¡are¡¡seized¡¡with¡¡a¡¡sudden¡¡panic¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Esquimaux¡¡and¡¡flee¡¡from¡¡them£»¡¡
as¡¡they¡¡had¡¡three¡¡weeks¡¡before¡¡fled¡¡from¡¡Thorfinn's¡¡bellowing¡¡bull£»¡¡turns£»¡¡
when¡¡so¡¡weak¡¡that¡¡she¡¡cannot¡¡escape£»¡¡single¡¡¡handed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡savages£»¡¡and¡¡
catching¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡slain¡¡¡¡¡¡man's¡¡¡¡¡¡sword£»¡¡¡¡¡¡puts¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡flight¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡fierce¡¡
visage¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡fierce¡¡¡¡¡¡criesFreydisa¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Terrible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡voyage£»¡¡
persuades¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡husband¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡fall¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡Helgi¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Finnbogi£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡asleep£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
murder¡¡them¡¡and¡¡all¡¡their¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡then£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡will¡¡not¡¡murder¡¡the¡¡five¡¡
women¡¡too£»¡¡takes¡¡up¡¡an¡¡axe¡¡and¡¡slays¡¡them¡¡all¡¡herself£»¡¡and¡¡getting¡¡back¡¡to¡¡
Greenland£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡dark¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡unexplained¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tale¡¡¡¡¡¡es¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡out£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lives¡¡
unpunished£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡abhorred¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡henceforth¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡folks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡no¡¡
phantoms£»¡¡but¡¡realities£»¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡if¡¡I¡¡can¡¡judge¡¡of¡¡internal¡¡evidence¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡beyond¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡hovering¡¡on¡¡the¡¡verge¡¡of¡¡Mythus¡¡and¡¡Fairyland£»¡¡
there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡ballad¡¡called¡¡¡¨Finn¡¡the¡¡Fair£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡how¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡An¡¡upland¡¡Earl¡¡had¡¡twa¡¡braw¡¡sons£»¡¡My¡¡story¡¡to¡¡begin£»¡¡The¡¡tane¡¡was¡¡
Light¡¡Haldane¡¡the¡¡strong£»¡¡The¡¡tither¡¡was¡¡winsome¡¡Finn¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡so¡¡forth£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡still¡¡sung£»¡¡with¡¡other¡¡¡¨rimur£»¡¨¡¡or¡¡ballads£»¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡Faroes£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡century¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Professor¡¡Rafn¡¡has¡¡inserted¡¡it£»¡¡
because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡talks¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Vinland¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡well¡known¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡place£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
brothers¡¡are¡¡sent¡¡by¡¡the¡¡princess¡¡to¡¡slay¡¡American¡¡kings£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡Rime¡¡has¡¡
another¡¡value¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡of¡¡a¡¡beauty¡¡so¡¡perfect£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡so¡¡like¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Scotch¡¡
ballads¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡heroic¡¡¡¡¡¡conception¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡love£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡forms¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡
qualities£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡one¡¡proof¡¡more£»¡¡to¡¡any¡¡student¡¡of¡¡early¡¡European¡¡poetry£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡6¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Historical¡¡Lectures¡¡and¡¡Essays¡¡
that¡¡we¡¡and¡¡these¡¡old¡¡Norsemen¡¡are¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡blood¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡anything¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡told¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Professor¡¡¡¡¡¡Rafn¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡
Black¡¡¡¡¡¡£û2£ý¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡known¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡antiquarians¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Massachusetts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡let¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡¡
entreat¡¡them¡¡to¡¡pardon¡¡my¡¡ignorance¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡let¡¡me¡¡record¡¡my¡¡opinion¡¡that£»¡¡
though¡¡somewhat¡¡too¡¡much¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡made¡¡in¡¡past¡¡years¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡
rock¡inscriptions£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡forth£»¡¡on¡¡this¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Atlantic£»¡¡there¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡
reasonable¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡our¡¡own¡¡race¡¡landed¡¡and¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡on¡¡the¡¡shore¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡New¡¡¡¡¡¡England¡¡¡¡¡¡six¡¡¡¡¡¡hundred¡¡¡¡¡¡years¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡kinsmen£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡
cases£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡descendants£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡august¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Pilgrim¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Fathers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
seventeenth¡¡¡¡¡¡century¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡so£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡said£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Scandinavian¡¡¡¡¡¡dynasty¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡
have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡seated¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡throne¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Mexico¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
strange¡¡¡¡¡¡chance¡¡¡¡¡¡lost£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡First£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡course£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡length¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡danger¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
coasting¡¡voyage¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡one¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡have£»¡¡like¡¡Columbus¡¡and¡¡Vespucci£»¡¡
Cortes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Pizarro£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Azores¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡halfway¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡port£»¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡
Greenland£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡Iceland¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡thing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡run¡¡¡¡¡¡south¡west¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡
Columbus's¡¡track£»¡¡across¡¡the¡¡Mar¡¡de¡¡Damas£»¡¡the¡¡Ladies'¡¡Sea£»¡¡which¡¡hardly¡¡
knows¡¡a¡¡storm£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡blazing¡¡blue¡¡above£»¡¡the¡¡blazing¡¡blue¡¡below£»¡¡in¡¡an¡¡
ever¡warming¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡climate£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡breath¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡joy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
struggle¡¡against¡¡the¡¡fogs¡¡and¡¡icebergs£»¡¡the¡¡rocks¡¡and¡¡currents¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dreary¡¡
North¡¡Atlantic¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡No¡¡wonder£»¡¡then£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡Markland£»¡¡and¡¡
Vinland£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Whiteman's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Land¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡died¡¡¡¡¡¡away¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡generations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
became¡¡but¡¡fireside¡¡sagas¡¡for¡¡the¡¡winter¡¡nights¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡there¡¡were¡¡other¡¡causes£»¡¡more¡¡honourable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡dogged¡¡energy¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡Norse¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡were¡¡in¡¡those¡¡very¡¡years¡¡conquering¡¡and¡¡settling¡¡nearer¡¡
home¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡peopleunless£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡perhaps£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡Ionian¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Greeks¡¡
conquered¡¡and¡¡settled¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Greenland£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen£»¡¡they¡¡heldthe¡¡western¡¡side¡¡at¡¡leastand¡¡held¡¡
it¡¡long¡¡and¡¡well¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡afford£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said£»¡¡2£»600¡¡pounds¡¡of¡¡walrus'¡¡teeth¡¡
as¡¡¡¡¡¡yearly¡¡¡¡¡¡tithe¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Pope£»¡¡¡¡¡¡besides¡¡¡¡¡¡Peter's¡¡¡¡¡¡pence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡build¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
convent£»¡¡and¡¡church£»¡¡and¡¡cathedral£»¡¡with¡¡farms¡¡and¡¡homesteads¡¡round£»¡¡for¡¡
one¡¡¡¡¡¡saga¡¡¡¡¡¡speaks¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Greenland¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡producing¡¡¡¡¡¡wheat¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡finest¡¡¡¡¡¡quality¡£¡¡
All¡¡is¡¡ruined¡¡now£»¡¡perhaps¡¡by¡¡gradual¡¡change¡¡of¡¡climate¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡7¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Historical¡¡Lectures¡¡and¡¡Essays¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡they¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡richer¡¡fields¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡enterprise¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡Greenland£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Iceland£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Faroes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Their¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡boldest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡outlaws¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡timewhether¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡
Norway£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Sweden£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Denmark£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡Britainwere¡¡¡¡¡¡forming¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡imperial¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡
guard¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Byzantine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Emperor£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡once¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡famous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Varangers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
Constantinople£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡splendid¡¡epoch¡¡of¡¡their¡¡race¡¡was¡¡just¡¡dawning£»¡¡of¡¡
which¡¡my¡¡lamented¡¡friend£»¡¡the¡¡late¡¡Sir¡¡Edmund¡¡Head£»¡¡says¡¡so¡¡well¡¡in¡¡his¡¡
preface¡¡to¡¡Viga¡¡Glum's¡¡Icelandic¡¡Saga£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡Sagas£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡this¡¡tale¡¡is¡¡
one£»¡¡were¡¡posed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡men¡¡who¡¡have¡¡left¡¡their¡¡mark¡¡in¡¡every¡¡corner¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡whose¡¡¡¡¡¡language¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡moment¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡
elements¡¡in¡¡the¡¡speech¡¡and¡¡institutions¡¡of¡¡England£»¡¡America£»¡¡and¡¡Australia¡£¡¡
There¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡page¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡modern¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡history¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡influence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Norsemen¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡conquests¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡accountRussia£»¡¡
Constantinople£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Greece£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Palestine£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Sicily£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡coasts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡Africa£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Southern¡¡
Italy£»¡¡France£»¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡Peninsula£»¡¡England£»¡¡Scotland£»¡¡Ireland£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡
rock¡¡and¡¡island¡¡round¡¡them£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡visited£»¡¡and¡¡most¡¡of¡¡them¡¡at¡¡one¡¡
time¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡ruled£»¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Scandinavia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡motto¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
sword¡¡of¡¡Roger¡¡Guiscard¡¡was¡¡a¡¡proud¡¡one£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Appulus¡¡et¡¡Calaber£»¡¡Siculus¡¡mihi¡¡servit¡¡et¡¡Afer¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Every¡¡¡¡¡¡island£»¡¡¡¡¡¡says¡¡¡¡¡¡Sir¡¡¡¡¡¡Edmund¡¡¡¡¡¡Head£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡trulyfor¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
almost¡¡every¡¡island¡¡on¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡England£»¡¡Scotland£»¡¡and¡¡Eastern¡¡Ireland£»¡¡
ends¡¡in¡¡either¡¡EY¡¡or¡¡AY¡¡or¡¡OE£»¡¡a¡¡Norse¡¡appellative£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡the¡¡word¡¡¡¨island¡¨¡¡
itselfis¡¡a¡¡mark¡¡of¡¡its¡¡having¡¡been£»¡¡at¡¡some¡¡time¡¡or¡¡other£»¡¡visited¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
Vikings¡¡of¡¡Scandinavia¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Norway£»¡¡meanwhile£»¡¡was¡¡convulsed¡¡by¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡what¡¡perhaps¡¡was¡¡of¡¡
more¡¡¡¡¡¡immediate¡¡¡¡¡¡consequence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Svend¡¡¡¡¡¡Fork¡beard£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡Englishmen¡¡
call¡¡Sweynthe¡¡renegade¡¡from¡¡that¡¡Christian¡¡Faith¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡forced¡¡
on¡¡him¡¡by¡¡his¡¡German¡¡conqueror£»¡¡the¡¡Emperor¡¡Otto¡¡II¡£with¡¡his¡¡illustrious¡¡
son¡¡¡¡¡¡Cnut£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡call¡¡¡¡¡¡Canute£»¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡¡¡calling¡¡¡¡¡¡together¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡
daring¡¡spirits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Baltic¡¡coasts¡¡for¡¡the¡¡subjugation¡¡of¡¡England£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡
that¡¡great¡¡feat¡¡was¡¡performed£»¡¡the¡¡Scandinavian¡¡emigration¡¡was¡¡paralysed£»¡¡
probably£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fearful¡¡¡¡¡¡wars¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡home¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡While¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
Sweden£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡St¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Olaf¡¡¡¡¡¡Tryggvason£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Norway£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡setting¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡7¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡8¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Historical¡¡Lectures¡¡and¡¡Essays¡¡
Denmark¡¡¡¡¡¡during¡¡¡¡¡¡Cnut's¡¡¡¡¡¡pilgrimage¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Rome£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Cnut£»¡¡¡¡¡¡sailing¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
mighty¡¡fleet¡¡to¡¡Norway£»¡¡was¡¡driving¡¡St¡£¡¡Olaf¡¡into¡¡Russia£»¡¡to¡¡return¡¡and¡¡fall¡¡
in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fratricidal¡¡¡¡¡¡battle¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Stiklesteadduring£»¡¡¡¡¡¡strangely¡¡¡¡¡¡enough£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡total¡¡
eclipse¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡sunVinland¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡enough¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡remain¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡uncolonised¡£¡¡
After¡¡¡¡¡¡Cnut's¡¡¡¡¡¡short¡lived¡¡¡¡¡¡triumphking¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Denmark£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Norway£»¡¡
England£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡half¡¡¡¡¡¡Scotland£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Wendish¡¡¡¡¡¡Folk¡¡¡¡¡¡inside¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Balticthe¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Norsemen¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡exhausted¡¡in¡¡their¡¡
native¡¡lands¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Once¡¡more¡¡only£»¡¡if¡¡I¡¡remember¡¡right£»¡¡did¡¡¡¨Lochlin£»¡¨¡¡really¡¡
and¡¡hopefully¡¡¡¡send¡¡forth¡¡her¡¡¡¨mailed¡¡¡¡¡¡swarm¡¨¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡conquer¡¡a¡¡¡¡foreign¡¡¡¡land£»¡¡
and¡¡with¡¡a¡¡result¡¡unexpected¡¡alike¡¡by¡¡them¡¡and¡¡by¡¡their¡¡enemies¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Had¡¡it¡¡
been¡¡otherwise£»¡¡we¡¡might¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been¡¡here¡¡this¡¡day¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Let¡¡me¡¡sketch¡¡for¡¡you¡¡once¡¡morethough¡¡you¡¡have¡¡heard¡¡it£»¡¡doubtless£»¡¡
many¡¡a¡¡timethe¡¡tale¡¡of¡¡that¡¡tremendous¡¡fortnight¡¡which¡¡settled¡¡the¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡
Britain£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡of¡¡North¡¡America£»¡¡which¡¡decidedjust¡¡in¡¡those¡¡great¡¡
times¡¡when¡¡the¡¡decision¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡made¡¡¡¡whether¡¡we¡¡should¡¡be¡¡on¡¡a¡¡par¡¡
with¡¡the¡¡other¡¡civilised¡¡nations¡¡of¡¡Europe£»¡¡like¡¡them¡¡the¡¡¡¨heirs¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡
ages£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡share¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Christianity¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡
centralisationa¡¡¡¡¡¡member¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡ity¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡European¡¡¡¡¡¡nations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡held¡¡
together¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡Christian¡¡¡¡¡¡bond¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Popebut¡¡¡¡¡¡heirs¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡
civil