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all beyond; of their dogmas; being hypocrisy and grimace。  Their

great crime was in their calumnies of Epicurus and misrepresentations

of his doctrines; in which we lament to see the candid character of

Cicero engaging as an accomplice。  Diffuse; vapid; rhetorical; but

enchanting。  His prototype Plato; eloquent as himself; dealing out

mysticisms incomprehensible to the human mind; has been deified by

certain sects usurping the name of Christians; because; in his foggy

conceptions; they found a basis of impenetrable darkness whereon to

rear fabrications as delirious; of their own invention。  These they

fathered blasphemously on him whom they claimed as their founder; but

who would disclaim them with the indignation which their caricatures

of his religion so justly excite。  Of Socrates we have nothing

genuine but in the Memorabilia of Xenophon; for Plato makes him one

of his Collocutors merely to cover his own whimsies under the mantle

of his name; a liberty of which we are told Socrates himself

complained。  Seneca is indeed a fine moralist; disfiguring his work

at times with some Stoicisms; and affecting too much of antithesis

and point; yet giving us on the whole a great deal of sound and

practical morality。  But the greatest of all the reformers of the

depraved religion of his own country; was Jesus of Nazareth。

Abstracting what is really his from the rubbish in which it is

buried; easily distinguished by its lustre from the dross of his

biographers; and as separable from that as the diamond from the

dunghill; we have the outlines of a system of the most sublime

morality which has ever fallen from the lips of man; outlines which

it is lamentable he did not live to fill up。  Epictetus and Epicurus

give laws for governing ourselves; Jesus a supplement of the duties

and charities we owe to others。  The establishment of the innocent

and genuine character of this benevolent moralist; and the rescuing

it from the imputation of imposture; which has resulted from

artificial systems; (*) invented by ultra…Christian sects;

unauthorized by a single word ever uttered by him; is a most

desirable object; and one to which Priestley has successfully devoted

his labors and learning。  It would in time; it is to be hoped; effect

a quiet euthanasia of the heresies of bigotry and fanaticism which

have so long triumphed over human reason; and so generally and deeply

afflicted mankind; but this work is to be begun by winnowing the

grain from the chaff of the historians of his life。  I have sometimes

thought of translating Epictetus (for he has never been tolerable

translated into English) by adding the genuine doctrines of Epicurus

from the Syntagma of Gassendi; and an abstract from the Evangelists

of whatever has the stamp of the eloquence and fine imagination of

Jesus。  The last I attempted too hastily some twelve or fifteen years

ago。  It was the work of two or three nights only; at Washington;

after getting through the evening task of reading the letters and

papers of the day。  But with one foot in the grave; these are now

idle projects for me。  My business is to beguile the wearisomeness of

declining life; as I endeavor to do; by the delights of classical

reading and of mathematical truths; and by the consolations of a

sound philosophy; equally indifferent to hope and fear。




        (*) _e。 g。_ The immaculate conception of Jesus; his

deification; the creation of the world by him; his miraculous powers;

his resurrection and visible ascension; his corporeal presence in the

Eucharist; the Trinity; original sin; atonement; regeneration;

election; orders of Hierarchy; &c。




        I take the liberty of observing that you are not a true

disciple of our master Epicurus; in indulging the indolence to which

you say you are yielding。  One of his canons; you know; was that 〃the

indulgence which prevents a greater pleasure; or produces a greater

pain; is to be avoided。〃 Your love of repose will lead; in its

progress; to a suspension of healthy exercise; a relaxation of mind;

an indifference to everything around you; and finally to a debility

of body; and hebetude of mind; the farthest of all things from the

happiness which the well…regulated indulgences of Epicurus ensure;

fortitude; you know; is one of his four cardinal virtues。  That

teaches us to meet and surmount difficulties; not to fly from them;

like cowards; and to fly; too; in vain; for they will meet and arrest

us at every turn of our road。  Weigh this matter well; brace yourself

up; take a seat with Correa; and come and see the finest portion of

your country; which; if you have not forgotten; you still do not

know; because it is no longer the same as when you knew it。  It will

add much to the happiness of my recovery to be able to receive Correa

and yourself; and prove the estimation in which I hold you both。

Come; too; and see our incipient University; which has advanced with

great activitiy this year。  By the end of the next; we shall have

elegant accommodations for seven professors; and the year following

the professors themselves。  No secondary character will be received

among them。  Either the ablest which America or Europe can furnish;

or none at all。  They will give us the selected society of a great

city separated from the dissipations and levities of its ephemeral

insects。




        I am glad the bust of Condorcet has been saved and so well

placed。  His genius should be before us; while the lamentable; but

singular act of ingratitude which tarnished his latter days; may be

thrown behind us。




        I will place under this a syllabus of the doctrines of

Epicurus; somewhat in the lapidary style; which I wrote some twenty

years ago; a like one of the philosophy of Jesus; of nearly the same

age; is too long to be copied。  _Vale; et tibi persuade carissimum te

esse mihi_。




        _Syllabus of the doctrines of Epicurus。_




        _Physical_。  The Universe eternal。

        Its parts; great and small; interchangeable。

        Matter and Void alone。

        Motion inherent in matter which is weighty and declining。

        Eternal circulation of the elements of bodies。

        Gods; an order of beings next superior to man; enjoying in

their sphere; their own felicities; but not meddling with the

concerns of the scale of beings below them。

        _Moral_。  Happiness the aim of life。

        Virtue the foundation of happiness。

        Utility the test of virtue。

        Pleasure active and In…do…lent。

        In…do…lence is the absence of pain; the true felicity。

        Active; consists in agreeable motion; it is not happiness; but

the means to produce it。

        Thus the absence of hunger is an article of felicity; eating

the means to obtain it。

        The _summum bonum_ is to be not pained in body; nor troubled in

mind。

        _i。 e。_ In…do…lence of body; tranquillity of mind。

        To procure tranquillity of mind we must avoid desire and fear;

the two principal diseases of the mind。

        Man is a free agent。

        Virtue consists in 1。 Prudence。 2。 Temperance。 3。 Fortitude。 4。

Justice。

        To which are opposed; 1。 Folly。 2。 Desire。 3。 Fear。 4。 Deceit。







        〃A FIRE BELL IN THE NIGHT〃




        _To John Holmes_

        _Monticello; April 22; 1820_




        I thank you; dear Sir; for the copy you have been so kind as to

send me of the letter to your constituents on the Missouri question。

It is a perfect justification to them。  I had for a long time ceased

to read newspapers; or pay any attention to public affairs; confident

they were in good hands; and content to be a passenger in our bark to

the shore from which I am not distant。  But this momentous question;

like a fire bell in the night; awakened and filled me with terror。  I

considered it at once as the knell of the Union。  It is hushed;

indeed; for the moment。  But this is a reprieve only; not a final

sentence。  A geographical line; coinciding with a marked principle;

moral and political; once conceived and held up to the angry passions

of men; will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark

it deeper and deeper。  I can say; with conscious truth; that there is

not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve

us from this heavy reproach; in any _practicable_ way。  The cession

of that kind of property; for so it is misnamed; is a bagatelle which

would not cost me a second thought; if; in that way; a general

emancipation and _expatriation_ could be effected; and gradually; and

with due sacrifices; I think it might be。  But as it is; we have the

wolf by the ears; and we can neither hold him; nor safely let him go。

Justice is in one scale; and self…preservation in the other。  Of one

thing I am certain; that as the passage of slaves from one State to

another; would not make a slave of a single human being who would not

be so without it

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