part19-第6节
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all beyond; of their dogmas; being hypocrisy and grimace。 Their
great crime was in their calumnies of Epicurus and misrepresentations
of his doctrines; in which we lament to see the candid character of
Cicero engaging as an accomplice。 Diffuse; vapid; rhetorical; but
enchanting。 His prototype Plato; eloquent as himself; dealing out
mysticisms incomprehensible to the human mind; has been deified by
certain sects usurping the name of Christians; because; in his foggy
conceptions; they found a basis of impenetrable darkness whereon to
rear fabrications as delirious; of their own invention。 These they
fathered blasphemously on him whom they claimed as their founder; but
who would disclaim them with the indignation which their caricatures
of his religion so justly excite。 Of Socrates we have nothing
genuine but in the Memorabilia of Xenophon; for Plato makes him one
of his Collocutors merely to cover his own whimsies under the mantle
of his name; a liberty of which we are told Socrates himself
complained。 Seneca is indeed a fine moralist; disfiguring his work
at times with some Stoicisms; and affecting too much of antithesis
and point; yet giving us on the whole a great deal of sound and
practical morality。 But the greatest of all the reformers of the
depraved religion of his own country; was Jesus of Nazareth。
Abstracting what is really his from the rubbish in which it is
buried; easily distinguished by its lustre from the dross of his
biographers; and as separable from that as the diamond from the
dunghill; we have the outlines of a system of the most sublime
morality which has ever fallen from the lips of man; outlines which
it is lamentable he did not live to fill up。 Epictetus and Epicurus
give laws for governing ourselves; Jesus a supplement of the duties
and charities we owe to others。 The establishment of the innocent
and genuine character of this benevolent moralist; and the rescuing
it from the imputation of imposture; which has resulted from
artificial systems; (*) invented by ultra…Christian sects;
unauthorized by a single word ever uttered by him; is a most
desirable object; and one to which Priestley has successfully devoted
his labors and learning。 It would in time; it is to be hoped; effect
a quiet euthanasia of the heresies of bigotry and fanaticism which
have so long triumphed over human reason; and so generally and deeply
afflicted mankind; but this work is to be begun by winnowing the
grain from the chaff of the historians of his life。 I have sometimes
thought of translating Epictetus (for he has never been tolerable
translated into English) by adding the genuine doctrines of Epicurus
from the Syntagma of Gassendi; and an abstract from the Evangelists
of whatever has the stamp of the eloquence and fine imagination of
Jesus。 The last I attempted too hastily some twelve or fifteen years
ago。 It was the work of two or three nights only; at Washington;
after getting through the evening task of reading the letters and
papers of the day。 But with one foot in the grave; these are now
idle projects for me。 My business is to beguile the wearisomeness of
declining life; as I endeavor to do; by the delights of classical
reading and of mathematical truths; and by the consolations of a
sound philosophy; equally indifferent to hope and fear。
(*) _e。 g。_ The immaculate conception of Jesus; his
deification; the creation of the world by him; his miraculous powers;
his resurrection and visible ascension; his corporeal presence in the
Eucharist; the Trinity; original sin; atonement; regeneration;
election; orders of Hierarchy; &c。
I take the liberty of observing that you are not a true
disciple of our master Epicurus; in indulging the indolence to which
you say you are yielding。 One of his canons; you know; was that 〃the
indulgence which prevents a greater pleasure; or produces a greater
pain; is to be avoided。〃 Your love of repose will lead; in its
progress; to a suspension of healthy exercise; a relaxation of mind;
an indifference to everything around you; and finally to a debility
of body; and hebetude of mind; the farthest of all things from the
happiness which the well…regulated indulgences of Epicurus ensure;
fortitude; you know; is one of his four cardinal virtues。 That
teaches us to meet and surmount difficulties; not to fly from them;
like cowards; and to fly; too; in vain; for they will meet and arrest
us at every turn of our road。 Weigh this matter well; brace yourself
up; take a seat with Correa; and come and see the finest portion of
your country; which; if you have not forgotten; you still do not
know; because it is no longer the same as when you knew it。 It will
add much to the happiness of my recovery to be able to receive Correa
and yourself; and prove the estimation in which I hold you both。
Come; too; and see our incipient University; which has advanced with
great activitiy this year。 By the end of the next; we shall have
elegant accommodations for seven professors; and the year following
the professors themselves。 No secondary character will be received
among them。 Either the ablest which America or Europe can furnish;
or none at all。 They will give us the selected society of a great
city separated from the dissipations and levities of its ephemeral
insects。
I am glad the bust of Condorcet has been saved and so well
placed。 His genius should be before us; while the lamentable; but
singular act of ingratitude which tarnished his latter days; may be
thrown behind us。
I will place under this a syllabus of the doctrines of
Epicurus; somewhat in the lapidary style; which I wrote some twenty
years ago; a like one of the philosophy of Jesus; of nearly the same
age; is too long to be copied。 _Vale; et tibi persuade carissimum te
esse mihi_。
_Syllabus of the doctrines of Epicurus。_
_Physical_。 The Universe eternal。
Its parts; great and small; interchangeable。
Matter and Void alone。
Motion inherent in matter which is weighty and declining。
Eternal circulation of the elements of bodies。
Gods; an order of beings next superior to man; enjoying in
their sphere; their own felicities; but not meddling with the
concerns of the scale of beings below them。
_Moral_。 Happiness the aim of life。
Virtue the foundation of happiness。
Utility the test of virtue。
Pleasure active and In…do…lent。
In…do…lence is the absence of pain; the true felicity。
Active; consists in agreeable motion; it is not happiness; but
the means to produce it。
Thus the absence of hunger is an article of felicity; eating
the means to obtain it。
The _summum bonum_ is to be not pained in body; nor troubled in
mind。
_i。 e。_ In…do…lence of body; tranquillity of mind。
To procure tranquillity of mind we must avoid desire and fear;
the two principal diseases of the mind。
Man is a free agent。
Virtue consists in 1。 Prudence。 2。 Temperance。 3。 Fortitude。 4。
Justice。
To which are opposed; 1。 Folly。 2。 Desire。 3。 Fear。 4。 Deceit。
〃A FIRE BELL IN THE NIGHT〃
_To John Holmes_
_Monticello; April 22; 1820_
I thank you; dear Sir; for the copy you have been so kind as to
send me of the letter to your constituents on the Missouri question。
It is a perfect justification to them。 I had for a long time ceased
to read newspapers; or pay any attention to public affairs; confident
they were in good hands; and content to be a passenger in our bark to
the shore from which I am not distant。 But this momentous question;
like a fire bell in the night; awakened and filled me with terror。 I
considered it at once as the knell of the Union。 It is hushed;
indeed; for the moment。 But this is a reprieve only; not a final
sentence。 A geographical line; coinciding with a marked principle;
moral and political; once conceived and held up to the angry passions
of men; will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark
it deeper and deeper。 I can say; with conscious truth; that there is
not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve
us from this heavy reproach; in any _practicable_ way。 The cession
of that kind of property; for so it is misnamed; is a bagatelle which
would not cost me a second thought; if; in that way; a general
emancipation and _expatriation_ could be effected; and gradually; and
with due sacrifices; I think it might be。 But as it is; we have the
wolf by the ears; and we can neither hold him; nor safely let him go。
Justice is in one scale; and self…preservation in the other。 Of one
thing I am certain; that as the passage of slaves from one State to
another; would not make a slave of a single human being who would not
be so without it