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worst　which　quickly　falls　off；　but　those　are　bad　bandages　which

neither　compress　nor　yet　come　off。

　　11。　The　following　are　the　object　which　the　upper　bandage；　the

under　bandage；　or　both　aim　at：　The　object　of　the　under　bandage　is

either　to　bring　together　parts　that　are　separated；　or　to　compress　such

as　are　expanded；　or　to　separate　what　are　contracted；　or　to　restore

to　shape　what　are　distorted；　or　the　contrary。　It　is　necessary　to

prepare　pieces　of　linen　cloth；　which　are　light；　thin；　soft；　clean；

having　no　seams　nor　protuberances　on　them；　but　sound；　and　able　to　bear

some　stretching；　or　even　a　little　more　than　required；　not　dry；　but

wetted　with　a　juice　suitable　to　the　purpose　required。　We　must　deal

with　parts　separated　（in　a　sinus？）　in　such　wise；　that　the　parts

which　are　raised　may　touch　the　bottom　without　producing　pressure；　we

must　begin　on　the　sound　part；　and　terminate　at　the　wound；　so　that

whatever　humor　is　in　it　may　be　expelled；　and　that　it　may　be

prevented　from　collecting　more。　And　straight　parts　are　to　be

bandaged　in　a　straight　direction；　and　oblique　obliquely；　in　such　a

position　as　to　create　no　pain；　and　so　that　there　may　be　no

constriction　nor　falling　off　on　a　change　of　position；　either　for　the

purpose　of　taking　hold　of　anything；　or　laying　the　limb；　and　that

muscles；　veins；　nerves；　and　bones　may　be　properly　placed　and

adjusted　to　one　another。　It　should　be　raised　or　laid　in　a　natural

position；　so　as　not　to　occasion　pain。　In　those　cases　in　which　an

abscess　is　formed；　we　must　act　in　a　contrary　way。　When　our　object　is

to　bring　together　parts　which　have　become　expanded；　in　other

respects　we　must　proceed　on　the　same　plain；　and　we　must　commence　the

bringing　together　from　some　considerable　distance；　and　after　their

approach；　we　must　apply　compression；　at　first　slight；　and　afterwards

stronger；　the　limit　of　it　being　the　actual　contact　of　the　parts。　In

order　to　separate　parts　which　are　drawn　together；　when　attended　with

inflammation；　we　must　proceed　on　the　opposite　plan；　but　when　without

inflammation；　we　must　use　the　same　preparations；　but　bandage　in　the

opposite　direction。　In　order　to　rectify　distorted　parts；　we　must

proceed　otherwise　on　the　same　principles；　but　the　parts　which　are

separated　must　be　brought　together　by　an　underbandage；　by

agglutinants；　and　by　suspending　it　（the　limb？）　in　its　natural

position。　And　when　the　deformities　are　the　contrary；　this　is　to　be

done　on　the　contrary　plan。

　　12。　In　fractures　we　must　attend　to　the　length；　breadth；　thickness；

and　number　of　the　compresses。　The　length　should　be　that　of　the

bandaging；　the　breadth；　three　or　four　fingers；　thickness；　three　or

fourfold；　number　so　as　to　encircle　the　limb；　neither　more　nor　less；

those　applied　for　the　purpose　of　rectifying　a　deformity；　should　be

of　such　a　length　as　to　encircle　it；　the　breadth　and　thickness　being

determined　by　the　vacuity；　which　is　not　to　be　filled　up　at　once。　The

upper　bandages　are　two；　the　first　of　which　is　to　be　carried　from　the

seat　of　the　injury　upwards；　and　the　second　from　the　seat　of　the　injury

downwards；　and　from　below　upwards；　the　parts　about　the　seat　of　the

injury　being　most　compressed；　the　extremities　least；　and　the　rest　in

proportion。　The　upper　bandages　should　take　in　a　considerable　portion

of　the　sound　parts。　We　must　attend　to　the　number；　length；　and

breadth　of　the　bandages；　the　number　must　be　such　as　not　to　be　inferior

to　what　the　injury　requires；　nor　occasion　compression　with　the

splints；　nor　prove　cumbersome；　nor　occasion　any　slipping　of　them；

nor　render　them　inefficient。　As　to　length　and　breadth；　they　should

be　three；　four；　five；　or　six　cubits　in　length；　and　as　many　fingers

broad。　The　folds　of　the　strings　（selvages？）　should　be　such　as　not　to

occasion　pressure；　they　are　to　be　soft　and　not　thick；　and　all　these

things　are　to　be　proportionate　to　the　length；　breadth；　and　thickness

of　the　part　affected。　The　splints　are　to　be　smooth；　even；　and

rounded　at　the　extremities；　somewhat　less　all　along　than　the　upper

bandaging；　and　thickest　at　the　part　to　which　fracture　inclines。

Those　parts　where　there　are　tuberosities；　and　which　are　devoid　of

flesh；　such　as　the　ankles　or　fingers；　we　must　guard　from　the　splints

which　are　placed　over　them；　either　by　position；　or　by　their　shortness。

They　are　to　be　secured　by　the　strings　in　such　a　manner　as　not　to

occasion　pressure　at　first。　A　soft；　consistent；　and　clean　cerate

should　be　rubbed　into　the　folds　of　the　bandage。

　　13。　As　to　the　temperature　and　quantity　of　the　water　used；　its　heat

should　be　just　such　as　the　hand　can　bear；　and　it　ought　to　be　known

that　a　large　quantity　is　best　for　producing　relaxation　and

attenuation；　whereas　a　moderate　quantity　is　best　for　incarnating　and

softening。　The　limit　to　the　affusion　is；　to　stop　when　the　parts　become

swelled　up；　and　before　the　swelling　subsides；　for　the　parts　swell　up

at　first；　and　fall　afterward。

　　14。　The　object　on　which　to　（the　limb？）　is　laid　should　be　soft；

smooth；　and　sloping　upwards　toward　the　protuberant　parts　of　the

body；　such　as　the　heel　or　hips；　so　that　there　may　be　no　projection；

nor　bending　inwards；　nor　turning　aside。　The　canal　（spout　or　gutter？）

should　rather　comprehend　the　whole　limb　than　the　half　of　it；　attention

being　paid　to　the　injury　and　to　whatever　else　appears　to　create

inconvenience。

　　15。　The　presentation　of　the　injured　part　to　the　physician；　the

extension；　the　arrangement；　and　so　forth；　are　to　be　regulated

according　to　nature。　What　is　nature　in　these　operations　is　to　be

determined　by　the　accomplishment　of　the　object　which　we　have　in

view；　and　for　this　purpose　we　must　look　to　the　part　in　the　state　of

rest；　in　its　middle　state；　and　to　habit；　in　regard　to　the　state　of

rest　and　relaxation；　as　in　the　arm；　that　it　be　in　a　line　with　the

hand；　and　with　regard　to　the　medium　between　flexion　and　extension；

that　the　forearm　be　at　right　angles　to　the　arm；　and　with　regard　to

habit；　it　should　be　considered　that　some　limbs　bear　certain

positions　preferably；　as；　for　example；　the　thighs　extension；　for　in

such　attitudes　the　parts　can　best　bear　to　be　placed　for　a　considerable

time　without　a　change　of　posture。　And　in　the　change　from　the　state

of　distention；　the　muscles；　veins；　nerves；　and　bones；　when　properly

arranged　and　secured；　will　preserve　their　relations　to　one　another

while　the　limb　is　raised　or　placed。

　　16。　The　extension　should　be　most　powerful　when　the　largest　and

thickest　bones；　or　when　both　are　broken；　next　when　the　under…bone；　and

least　of　all；　when　the　upper。　When　immoderate；　it　is　injurious；　except

in　the　case　of　children。　The　limb　should　be　a　little　elevated。　The

model　by　which　we　judge　if　the　part　be　properly　set　is　the　sound

part　of　the　same　name；　or　the　part　which　is　its　pair。

　　17。　Friction　can　relax；　brace；　incarnate；　attenuate：　hard　braces；

soft　relaxes；　much　attenuates；　and　moderate　thickens。

　　18。　The　following　should　be　the　state　of　matters　on　the　first

application　of　the　bandage。　The　person　to　whom　it　has　been　applied

should　say　that　he　feels　the　compression　particularly　at　the　seat　of

the　injury；　but　very　little　at　the　extremities；　the　parts　should　be

adjusted　but　not　pressed　together；　and　that　rather　by　the　number　of

the　bandages　than　by　the　force　of　the　constriction；　and　the

tightness　should　rather　be　on　the　increase　during　the　first　day　and

night；　but　on　the　next　it　should　be　less；　and　on　the　third　the

bandages　should　be　loose。　On　the　next　day　a　soft　swelling　should　be

observed　in　the　extremities；　and　on　the　third　day；　when　the

bandaging　is　loosed；　the　swelling　should　be　found　diminished　in

size；　and　this　should　be　the　case　every　time　the　bandages　are　removed。

At　the　second　application　of　the　bandage；　it　should　be　ascertained

whether　the　dressing　has　been　properly　done；　and　then　greater

compression　should　be　made；　and　with　more　bandages；　and　on　the

third；　still　greater；　and　still　more。　On　the　seventh　day　from　the

first　dressing；　when　the　bandages　are　loosed；　the　limb　should　be　found

slender　and　the　bones　mobile。　We　must　then　have　recourse　to　the

splints；　provided　the　limb　be　free　of　swelling；　pruritus；　and

ulceration；　and　allow　them　to　remain　until　twenty　days　after　the

accident；　but　if　any　suspicions　arise；　the　bandages　must　be　loosed

in　the　interval。　The　splints　should　be　tightened　every　third　day。

　　19。　The　suspending　of　a　fractured　limb　in　a　sling；　the　disposition

of　it；　and　the　bandaging；　all　have　for　their　object　to　preserve　it

in　position。　The　principal　considerations　with　regard　to　the

position　are　the　habits　and　the　peculiar　nature　of　each　of　the

limbs：　the　varieties　are　shown　in　running；　walking；　standing；　lying；

action；　repose。

　　20。　It　should　be　kept　in　mind　that　exercise　strengthens；　and

inactivity　wastes。

　　21。　Compression　should　be　produced　by　the　number　of　bandages；　rather

than　by　the　force　of　the　constriction。

　　22。　In　cases　of　ecchymosis；　contusions；　sprains；　or　swellings　not

attended　with　inflammations；　blood　is　to　be　expelled　from　the　wound；

in　greatest　quantity　to　the　upper　part；　and　in　smallest　to　the

inferior；　neither　the　arm　nor　the　le