captains of the civil war-第31节
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like the devil〃 till McClellan came up。 Pope was full of confidence。 And there he lay； in a bad strategic and worse tactical position； and with slightly inferior numbers； just within reach of Jackson and Lee。 Pope was； however； saved from immediate disaster by an oversight on the part of Stuart。 In ordering Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry brigade to rendezvous at Verdierville that night Stuart forgot to make the order urgent and the missing brigade came in late。 Stuart； anxious to see the enemy's position for himself； rode out and was nearly taken prisoner。 His dispatch…box fell into Pope's hands； with a memorandum of Jackson's reinforcements。 Jackson was for attacking next day in any case and groaned aloud when Lee decided not to； owing to the failure of cavalry combination in front and the belated supplies in the rear。 Pope retired safely on the eighteenth； and on the nineteenth a thick haze hid his rear from Lee's lookout；
Lee was now in a very difficult position； apparently face to face with what would soon be the joint forces of Pope； McClellan； and probably another corps from Washington： the whole well fed； well armed； and certainly more than twice as strong as the united Confederates。 But Jackson and Stuart multiplied their forces by skillful maneuvers and mystifying raids； and presently Stuart had his revenge for the affront he had suffered on the seventeenth。 On the tempestuous night of the twentysecond he captured Pope's dispatches。 On the twentyfourth； at Jefferson； Lee and Jackson discussed the situation with these dispatches before them。 Dr。 Hunter McGuire； the Confederate staff…surgeon； noticed that Jackson was unusually animated； drawing curves in the sand with the toe of his boot while Lee nodded assent。 Perhaps it was Jackson who suggested the strategic idea of that wonderful last week in August。 However that may have been； Lee alone was responsible for its adoption and superior direction。
With a marvelous insight into the characters of his opponents； a consummate knowledge of the science and art of war； andquite as importantan exact appreciation of the risks worth running； Lee actually divided his 55；000 men in face of Pope's 80；000； of 20；000 more at Washington and Aquia； and of 50；000 available reinforcements。 Then； by the well…deserved results obtained； he became one of the extremely few really great commanders of all time。
The 〃bookish theorick〃 who； with all the facts before him； revels in the fond delights of retrospective prophecy； will never understand how Lee succeeded in this enterprise； except by sheer good luck。 Only those who themselves have groped their perilous way through the dense； distorting fog of war can understand the application of that knowledge； genius； and character for war which so rarely unite in one man。
Lee sent Jackson north； to march at utmost speed under cover of the Bull Run Mountains； to cross them at Thoroughfare Gap； and to cut Pope's line at Manassas； where the enormous Federal field base had been established。 Unknown to Pope； Longstreet then slipped into Jackson's place； so as to keep Pope in play till the raid on Manassas and threat against Washington would draw him northeast； away from McClellan at Aquia。 The final move of this profound； though very daring； plan was to take advantage of the Federal distractions and consequent dispersions so as to effect a junction on the field of battle against a conquerable force。
Jackson moved off by the first gray streak of dawn on the twenty…fifth； and that day made good the six…and…twenty miles to Salem Church。 Screened by Stuart's cavalry； and marching through a country of devoted friends on such an errand as a commonplace general would never suspect； Jackson stole this march on Pope in perfect safety。 The next day's march was far more dangerous。 Roused while the stars were shining the men moved off in even greater wonder as to their destination。 But when the first flush of dawn revealed the Bull Run Mountains； with the wellknown Thoroughfare Gap straight to their front； they at once divined their part of Lee's stupendous plan： a giant raid on Manassas； the Federal base of superabundant supplies。 The news ran down the miles of men； and with it the thrill that presaged victory。 Mile after mile was gained； almost in dead silence； except for the clank of harness； the rumble of wheels； the running beat of hoofs； and that long； low； ceaselessly rippling sound of multitudinous men's feet。 Hungry； ill…clad； and worn to their last spare ounce； the gaunt gray ranks strained forward； slipped from their leash at last and almost in sight of their prey。 So far they were undiscovered。 But the Gap was only ten miles by airline from Pope's extreme right； and the tell…tale cloud of dust； floating down the mountain side above them； must soon be sighted； signaled； noted； and attended to。 Only speed； the speed of 〃foot…cavalry；〃 could now prevail； and not a man must be an inch behind。 CLOSE UP； MEN； CLOSE UP！CLOSE UP THERE IN REAR！CLOSE UP！ CLOSE UP！
By noon the head of the column had already crossed those same communications which Pope had told his army to disregard in favor of the much more interesting enemy line of retreat。 Little did he think that the man he had come to chase was about to burn the bridge at Bristoe Station and thus cut the line between the Federal front at Warrenton and the Federal base at Manassas。 All went well with Jackson； except that some news escaped to Washington and Warrenton sooner than he expected。 A Federal train dashed on to Washington before the rails could be torn up。 The next two trains were both derailed and wrecked。 But the fourth put all brakes down and speeded back to Warrenton。 Jackson quickly took up a very strong position on the north side of Broad Run； behind the burnt railway bridge； and sent Stuart's troopers with two battalions of 〃foot…cavalry〃 to raid the base at Manassas； replenish the exhausted Confederate supplies； and do the northward scouting。
The situation of the rival armies on the night of the twentyseventh forms one of the curiosities of war。 Jackson was concentrating round Manassas Junction。 Lee was following Jackson's line of march； but was still beyond Thoroughfare Gap。 Between them stood part of Pope's army； the whole of which occupied an irregular quadrilateral formed by lines joining the following points： Warrenton Junction； Bristoe Station； Gainesville； and Thoroughfare Gap。 Thirty miles northeast were the twenty thousand Federals who joined Pope too late。 Thirty miles southeast the rear of McClellan's forces were still massing at Aquia。 In Pope's opinion Jackson was clearly trapped and Lee cut off。
But when Pope began to close his cumbrous net the following day Jackson had disappeared again。 Orders and counter…orders thereupon succeeded each other in bewildering confusion。 McClellan could be left out： and a very good thing too； thought Pope； who wanted the victory all to himself； and whose own army greatly outnumbered Lee's and Jackson's put together。 But Washington was nervous again； it contained the reinforcements； and it had suddenly become indispensable to Pope as an immediate base of supplies now that the base at Manassas had been so completely destroyed。 Pope's troops therefore mostly drew east during the twentyeighth； forming by nightfall a long irregular line； facing west； with its right beyond Centreville and its extreme left held by Banks's mauled divisions south of Catlett's Station。 Meanwhile Jackson had slipped into place in the curve of Bull Run； facing southeast； with his left near Stone Bridge； his back to Sudley Springs； and his right open to junction with Lee； who was waiting for daylight to force the Gap against the single division left there on guard。
During the afternoon； while Jackson's tired men were lying sound asleep in their ranks； Jackson himself was roused to see captured orders which showed that some Federals were crossing his front。 Reading these orders to his divisional commanders he immediately ordered one to attack and another to support。 If the Federals concerned were exposing an unguarded flank they should be attacked at a disadvantage。 If they were screening larger forces trying to join the reinforcements from Washington or Aquia； then they should be attacked so as to distract Pope's attention and draw him on before the Federal union became complete； though not before Lee had reached the new Bull Run position the following day。 The attack was consequently made from the woods around Groveton not too long before dark。 It resulted in a desperate frontal fight； neither side knowing what the other had in its rear or on its flanks。 Again the Federals were outnumbered： twenty…eight against forty…five hundred men in action。 But again they fought with the utmost resolution and drew off in good order。 The strategic advantage； however； was wholly Confederate； for Pope； who thought Jackson must now be falling back to the Gap； at once began confusedly trying to concentrate for pursuit on the twenty…ninththe very thing that suited Lee and Jackson best。
Early that morning the two…days' Battle of Second Manassas （or Second Bull Run） began with Pope's absurd attempt to pursue an army drawn up in line of battle。 Moreover； Jackson's position was not only stron
