captains of the civil war-第29节
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
ng away to aid in the。 defeat of McClellan and the saving of Richmond。 One was to outmarch the converging Federals； gain interior lines along the Valley； and defeat them there in detail。 The other was to march into friendly Maryland； trusting to her Southern sentiments for help and reinforcements。 He decided on the Valley route and marched straight in between his enemies。
His fortnight's work； from the nineteenth of May to the first of June； inclusive； is worth summing up。 In these fourteen days he had marched 170 miles； routed 12；500 men； threatened an invasion of the North； drawn McDowell off from Fredericksburg； taken or destroyed all Federal stores at Front Royal； Winchester； and Martinsburg； and brought off safely a convoy seven miles long。 Moreover； he had done all this with the loss of only six hundred； though sixty thousand enemies lay on three sides of his own sixteen thousand men。
His remaining problem was harder still。 It was how to mystify； tire out； check short； and then immobilize the converging Federals long enough to let him slip secretly away in time to help Johnston and Lee against McClellan。 Jackson； like his enemies； moved through what has been well called the Fog of Warthat inevitable uncertainty through which all commanders must find their way。 But none of his enemies equaled him in knowledge； genius； or character for war。
The first week in June saw desperate marches in the Valley； with the outnumbering Federals hotfoot on the trail of Jackson； who turned to bay one moment and at the next was off again。 On the sixth the Federals got home against his rear guard。 It began to waver； and Ashby ordered the infantry to charge。 As he gave the order his horse fell dead。 In a flash he was up； waving his sword and shouting： 〃Charge； for God's sake； charge！〃 The Confederate line swept forward gallantly。 But； just as it left the wood； Ashby was shot through the heart。 His men avenged him。 Yet none could fill his place as a born leader of irregular light horse。
Next morning the hounds were hot upon the scent again： Shields and Fremont converging on Jackson； whom they would run to earth somewhere north of Staunton。 But on the eighth and ninth Jackson turned sharply and bit back； first at Fremont close to Cross Keys； then at Shields near Port Republic。 Each was caught alone； just before their point of junction； and each was defeated in detail as well。
Fully to appreciate Jackson's strategy we must compare the strategical and tactical numbers concerned throughout this short but momentous Valley Campaign。 The strategic numbers are those at the disposal of the commander within the theater of operations。 The tactical numbers are those actually present on the field of battle； whether engaged or not。 At McDowell the Federals had 30；000 in strategic strength against 17；000 Confederates； yet the Confederates got 6000 on to the field of battle against no more than 2500。 At Winchester the Federal strategic strength was 60；000 against 16；000； yet the Confederate tactical strength was every man of the 16；000 against 7500only one…eighth of Banks's grand total。 At Cross Keys the strategic strengths were 23；000 Federals against 13；000 Confederates； yet 12；750 Federals were beaten by 8000 Confederates。 Finally； at Port Republic； the Federals； with a strategic strength of 22；000 against the Confederate 12；700； could only bring a tactical strength of 4500 to bear on 6000 Confederates。 The grand aggregate of these four remarkable actions is well worth adding up。 It comes to this in strategic strength： 135；000 Federals against 58；700 Confederates。 Yet in tactical strength the odds are reversed； for they come to this： 36；000 Confederates against only 27；250 Federals。 Therefore Stonewall Jackson； with strategic odds of nearly seven to three against him； managed to fight with tactical odds of four to three in his favor。
While Jackson was fighting in the Valley the Confederates at Richmond were watching the nightly glow of Federal camp fires。 McClellan had 30；000 men north of the Chickahominy； waiting for McDowell to come back from his enterprise against Jackson； and 75；000 south of it。 What could the 65；000 Confederates do； except hold fast to their lines？ TO RICHMOND 4 1/2 MILES： so read the sign…post at the Mechanicsville bridge； and there stood the nearest Federal picket。 Johnston and Lee knew； however； that McClellan's alarmist detectives swore to a Confederate army three times its actual strength at this time； and there was reason to hope that the consequent moral ascendancy would help the shock of an attack suddenly made on one of McClellan's two wings while the flooded Chickahominy flowed between them and its oozy swamps bewildered his staff。
Hearing that McDowell need not be feared； Johnston attacked at daylight on the thirty…first of May。 The battle of Seven Pines （known also as Fair Oaks） was not unlike Shiloh。 The Federals were taken by surprise on the first day and only succeeded in holding their own by hard fighting and with a good deal of loss。 A mistake was made by the Confederate division told off for the attack on the key to the Federal front （an attack which； if completely successful； would have split the Federals in two） and the main bodies were engaged before this fatal error could be rectified。 So the surprised Federals gradually recovered from the first shock and began to feel and use their hitherto unrealized strength。 On the second day （the first of June） Johnston； who had been severely wounded； was plainly defeated and compelled to fall back on Richmond again。
On the morrow of this defeat Lee was appointed to 〃the immediate command of the armies in eastern Virginia and North Carolina。〃 Davis was not war statesman enough to make him Commander…in…Chief till '65four years too late。 Johnston did not reappear till he tried to relieve Vicksburg from the determined attacks of Grant in '63。
The twelfth of June will be remembered forever in the annals of cavalry for Stuart's first great ride round McClellan's host。 With twelve hundred troopers and two horse artillery guns he stole out beyond the western flank of the Federals and reached Taylorsville that evening； twenty…two miles north of Richmond。 Next day he rode right in among the Federal posts in rear； discovering that McClellan's right stretched little north of the Chickahominy； that it was not fortified； and that it did not rest on any strong natural feature； such as a swampy stream。 This was exactly the information Lee required。 So far； so good。 The Federals met with up to this time had simply been ridden down。 But now the whole country was alarmed and McClellan had forces out to cut Stuart off on his return； while General Cooke （Stuart's father…inlaw） began to pursue him from Hanover Court House。
Then Stuart took the boldest step of all； deciding to go clear round the rest of the Federal army。 At Tunstall's Station on the York River Railroad he routed the guard； tore up the track； destroyed the stores and wagons； cut the wires； burnt the bridge； and replenished his supplies。 Thence southeast； by the Williamsburg road； his column marched under a full summer moon； the people running out of doors； wild with joy at his daring。 At sunrise he reached the Chickahominy； only to find it flooded； full of timber； and spanned by nothing better than a broken bridge。 But； using the materials of a warehouse to make a footway； the troopers crossed in single file； leading their chargers； which swam。 Waving his hand to the Federals； who had just arrived too late； Stuart pushed on the remaining thirty…five miles to Richmond； rounding the Federal flank within range of Federal gunboats on the James。
This magnificent raid not only procured in three days information that McClellan's civilian detectives could not have procured in three years but raised Confederate morale and depressed the Federals correspondingly。 Moreover； it drove the first nail into McClellan's coffin。 For in October； just after another Stuart raid； the following curious incident occurred on board the Martha Washington when Lincoln was returning from an Alexandria review which had cheered him up considerably； coming； as it did； after Lee had failed in Maryland。 By way of answering the very pertinent question〃Mr。 President； how about McClellan？〃… …Lincoln simply drew a ring on the deck； quietly adding： 〃When I was a boy we used to play a game called 'Three times round and out。' Stuart has been round McClellan twice。 The third time McClellan will be out。〃
Stuart rode ahead of his troopers； straight to Lee； who immediately wrote to Jackson suggesting that the Army of the Valley； while keeping the Federals alarmed to the last about an attack on the line of the Potomac； might secretly slip away and join a combined attack on McClellan。 Jackson； who had of course foreseen this； was ready with every blind known to the art of war。 Even his staff and generals knew nothing of their destination。 The first move was so secret that the enemy never suspected anything till it was too late； while friends thought there was to be another surprise in the Valley。 The second move led various people to suspect a march on Washingtonno bad news to leak out； and nothing but misleading items did leak out。 The Army of the Val
