the memorabilia-第37节

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must　in　no　wise　slacken　or　fall　short　of　his　ability；　for　when　a　man
so　does；　it　is　manifest；　I　presume；　that　at　the　moment　he　is　not
honouring　the　gods。　You　must　then　honour　the　gods；　not　with
shortcoming　but　according　to　your　ability；　and　having　so　done；　be　of
good　cheer　and　hope　to　receive　the　greatest　blessings。　For　where　else
should　a　man　of　sober　sense　look　to　receive　great　blessings　if　not
from　those　who　are　able　to　help　him　most；　and　how　else　should　he　hope
to　obtain　them　save　by　seeking　to　please　his　helper；　and　how　may　he
hope　to　please　his　helper　better　than　by　yielding　him　the　amplest
obedience？

＇28＇　Or；　〃and　that　law；　I　presume；　is　universal　which　says；　Let　a
　　　　man；〃　etc。；　and　for　the　maxim　see　above；　〃Anab。〃　III。　ii。　9。

By　such　wordsand　conduct　corresponding　to　his　wordsdid　Socrates
mould　and　fashion　the　hearts　of　his　companions；　making　them　at　once
more　devout　and　more　virtuous。＇29＇

＇29＇　Or；　〃sounder　of　soul　and　more　temperate　as　well　as　more　pious。〃


IV

But　indeed＇1＇　with　respect　to　justice　and　uprightness　he　not　only　made
no　secret　of　the　opinion　he　held；　but　gave　practical　demonstration　of
it；　both　in　private　by　his　law…abiding　and　helpful　behaviour　to
all；＇2＇　and　in　public　by　obeying　the　magistrates　in　all　that　the　laws
enjoined；　whether　in　the　life　of　the　city　or　in　military　service；　so
that　he　was　a　pattern　of　loyalty　to　the　rest　of　the　world；　and　on
three　several　occasions　in　particular：　first；　when　as　president
（Epistates）　of　the　assembly　he　would　not　suffer　the　sovereign　people
to　take　an　unconstitutional　vote；＇3＇　but　ventured；　on　the　side　of　the
laws；　to　resist　a　current　of　popular　feeling　strong　enough；　I　think；
to　have　daunted　any　other　man。　Again；　when　the　Thirty　tried　to　lay
some　injunction　on　him　contrary　to　the　laws；　he　refused　to　obey；　as
for　instance　when　they　forbade　his　conversing　with　the　young；＇4＇　or
again；　when　they　ordered　him　and　certain　other　citizens　to　arrest　a
man　to　be　put　to　death；＇5＇　he　stood　out　single…handed　on　the　ground
that　the　injunctions　laid　upon　him　were　contrary　to　the　laws。　And
lastly；　when　he　appeared　as　defendant　in　the　suit　instituted　by
Meletus；＇6＇　notwithstanding　that　it　was　customary　for　litigants　in　the
law　courts　to　humour　the　judges　in　the　conduct　of　their　arguments　by
flattery　and　supplications　contrary　to　the　laws；＇7＇　notwithstanding
also　that　defendants　owed　their　acquittal　by　the　court　to　the
employment　of　such　methods；　he　refused　to　do　a　single　thing　however
habitual　in　a　court　of　law　which　was　not　strictly　legal；　and　though　by
only　a　slight　deflection　from　the　strict　path　he　might　easily　have
been　acquitted　by　his　judges；＇8＇　he　preferred　to　abide　by　the　laws　and
die　rather　than　transgress　them　and　live。

＇1＇　L。　Dindorf　suspects　＇SS。　1…6；　｛'Alla　men　。　。　。　pollakis｝＇；　ed。
　　　　Lips。　1872。　See　also　Praef。　to　Ox。　ed。　p。　viii。

＇2＇　Or；　〃by　his　conduct　to　all；　which　was　not　merely　innocent　in　the
　　　　eye　of　law　and　custom　but　positively　helpful。〃

＇3＇　See　above；　I。　i。　18；　〃Hell。〃　I。　vii。　14；　15；　Grote；　〃H。　G。〃　viii。
　　　　272。

＇4＇　See　above；　I。　ii。　35。

＇5＇　Leon　of　Salamis。　See　〃Hell。〃　II。　iii。　39；　Plat。　〃Apol。〃　32　C；
　　　　Andoc。　〃de　Myst。〃　46。

＇6＇　See　above；　I。　i。　1；　Plat。　〃Apol。〃　19　C。

＇7＇　Kuhner　cf。　Quintil。　VI。　i。　7：　〃Athenis　affectus　movere　etiam　per
　　　　praeconem　prohibatur　orator〃；　〃Apol。〃　4；　Plat。　〃Apol。〃　38　D；　E。

＇8＇　See　Grote；　〃H。　G。〃　viii。　p。　663　foll。

These　views　he　frequently　maintained　in　conversation；　now　with　one　and
now　with　another；　and　one　particular　discussion　with　Hippias　of
Elis＇9＇　on　the　topic　of　justice　and　uprightness　has　come　to　my
knowledge。＇10＇

＇9＇　For　this　famous　person　see　Cob。　〃Pros。　Xen。〃　s。n。；　Plat。　〃Hipp。
　　　　maj。〃　148；　Quint。　xii。　11；　21；　Grote；　〃H。　G。〃　viii。　524。

＇10＇　Or；　〃I　can　personally　vouch　for。〃

Hippias　had　just　arrived　at　Athens　after　a　long　absence；　and　chanced
to　be　present　when　Socrates　was　telling　some　listeners　how　astonishing
it　was　that　if　a　man　wanted　to　get　another　taught　to　be　a　shoemaker　or
carpenter　or　coppersmith　or　horseman；　he　would　have　no　doubt　where　to
send　him　for　the　purpose：　〃People　say；〃＇11＇　he　added；　〃that　if　a　man
wants　to　get　his　horse　or　his　ox　taught　in　the　right　way；＇12＇　the
world　is　full　of　instructors；　but　if　he　would　learn　himself；　or　have
his　son　or　his　slave　taught　in　the　way　of　right；　he　cannot　tell　where
to　find　such　instruction。〃

＇11＇　L。　Dindorf；　after　Ruhnken　and　Valckenar；　omits　this　sentence
　　　　｛phasi　de　tines　。　。　。　didaxonton｝。　See　Kuhner　ad　loc。　For　the
　　　　sentiment　see　Plat。　〃Apol。〃　20　A。

＇12＇　Cf。　〃Cyrop。〃　II。　ii。　26；　VIII。　iii。　38；　also　〃Horsem。〃　iii。　5；
　　　　〃Hunting；〃　vii。　4。

Hippias；　catching　the　words；　exclaimed　in　a　bantering　tone：　What！
still　repeating　the　same　old　talk；＇13＇　Socrates；　which　I　used　to　hear
from　you　long　ago？

＇13＇　This　tale　is　repeated　by　Dio　Chrys。　〃Or。〃　III。　i。　109。　Cf。　Plat。
　　　　〃Gorg。〃　490　E。

Yes　（answered　Socrates）；　and　what　is　still　more　strange；　Hippias；　it
is　not　only　the　same　old　talk　but　about　the　same　old　subjects。　Now
you；　I　daresay；　through　versatility　of　knowledge；＇14＇　never　say　the
same　thing　twice　over　on　the　same　subject？

＇14＇　Or；　〃such　is　the　breadth　of　your　learning；〃　｛polumathes｝。　Cf。
　　　　Plat。　〃Hipp。　maj。〃

To　be　sure　（he　answered）；　my　endeavour　is　to　say　something　new　on　all
occasions。

What　（he　asked）　about　things　which　you　know；　as　for　instance　in　a　case
of　spelling；　if　any　one　asks　you；　〃How　many　letters　in　Socrates；　and
what　is　their　order？〃＇15＇　I　suppose　you　try　to　run　off　one　string　of
letters　to…day　and　to…morrow　another？　or　to　a　question　of　arithmetic；
〃Does　twice　five　make　ten？〃　your　answer　to…day　will　differ　from　that
of　yesterday？

＇15＇　Cf。　〃Econ。〃　viii。　14；　Plat。　〃Alc。〃　i。　113　A。

Hipp。　No；　on　these　topics；　Socrates；　I　do　as　you　do　and　repeat　myself。
However；　to　revert　to　justice　（and　uprightness）；＇16＇　I　flatter　myself
I　can　at　present　furnish　you　with　some　remarks　which　neither　you　nor
any　one　else　will　be　able　to　controvert。

＇16＇　Or；　〃on　the　topic　of　the　just　I　have　something　to　say　at　present
　　　　which；〃　etc。

By　Hera！＇17＇　（he　exclaimed）；　what　a　blessing　to　have　discovered！＇18＇
Now　we　shall　have　no　more　divisions　of　opinion　on　points　of　right　and
wrong；　judges　will　vote　unanimously；　citizens　will　cease　wrangling；
there　will　be　no　more　litigation；　no　more　party　faction；　states　will
reconcile　their　differences；　and　wars　are　ended。　For　my　part　I　do　not
know　how　I　can　tear　myself　away　from　you；　until　I　have　heard　from　your
own　lips　all　about　the　grand　discovery　you　have　made。

＇17＇　See　above；　I。　v。　5。

＇18＇　Or；　〃what　a　panacea　are　you　the　inventor　of〃；　lit。　〃By　Hera；　you
　　　　have　indeed　discovered　a　mighty　blessing；　if　juries　are　to　cease
　　　　recording　their　verdicts　'aye'　and　'no'；　if　citizens　are　to　cease
　　　　their　wranglings　on　points　of　justice；　their　litigations；　and
　　　　their　party　strifes；　if　states　are　to　cease　differing　on　matters
　　　　of　right　and　wrong　and　appealing　to　the　arbitrament　of　war。〃

You　shall　hear　all　in　good　time　（Hippias　answered）；　but　not　until　you
make　a　plain　statement　of　your　own　belief。　What　is　justice？　We　have
had　enough　of　your　ridiculing　all　the　rest　of　the　world；　questioning
and　cross…examining　first　one　and　then　the　other；　but　never　a　bit　will
you　render　an　account　to　any　one　yourself　or　state　a　plain　opinion
upon　a　single　topic。＇19＇

＇19＇　See　Plat。　〃Gorg。〃　465　A。

What；　Hippias　（Socrates　retorted）；　have　you　not　observed　that　I　am　in
a　chronic　condition　of　proclaiming　what　I　regard　as　just　and　upright？

Hipp。　And　pray　what　is　this　theory＇20＇　of　yours　on　the　subject？　Let　us
have　it　in　words。

＇20＇　｛o　logos｝。

Soc。　If　I　fail　to　proclaim　it　in　words；　at　any　rate　I　do　so　in　deed
and　in　fact。　Or　do　you　not　think　that　a　fact　is　worth　more　as　evidence
than　a　word？＇21＇

＇21＇　Or；　〃is　of　greater　evidential　value；〃　〃ubi　res　adsunt；　quid　opus
　　　　est　verbis？〃

Worth　far　more；　I　should　say　（Hippias　answered）；　for　many　a　man　with
justice　and　right　on　his　lips　commits　injustice　and　wrong；　but　no　doer
of　right　ever　was　a　misdoer　or　could　possibly　be。

Soc。　I　ask　then；　have　you　ever　heard　or　seen　or　otherwise　perceived　me
bearing　false　witness　or　lodging　malicious　information；　or　stirring　up
strife　among　friends　or　political　dissension　in　the　city；　or
committing　any　other　unjust　and　wrongful　act？

No；　I　cannot　say　that　I　have　（he　answered）。

Soc。　And　do　you　not　regard　it　as　right　and　just　to　abstain　from
wrong？＇22＇

＇22＇　Or；　〃is　not　abstinence　from　wrongdoing　synonymous　with　righteous
　　　　behaviour？〃

Hipp。　Now　you　are　caught；　Socrates；　plainly　trying　to　escape　from　a
plain　statement。　When　asked　what　you　believe　justice　to　be；　you　keep
telling　us　not　what　the　just　man　does；　but　what　he　does　not　do。

Why；　I　thought　for　my　part　（answered　Socrates）　that　the　refusal　to　do
wrong　and　injustice　was　a　sufficient　warrent　in　itself　of
righteousness　and　justice；　but　if　you　do　not　agree；　see　if　this
pleases　you　better：　I　assert　that　what　is　〃lawful〃　is　〃just　and
righteous。〃

Do　you　mean　to　assert　（he　asked）　that　lawful　and　just　are　synonymous
terms？

Soc。　I　do。

I　ask　（Hippias　added）；　for　I　do　not　perceive　wha