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wisdom。

On the other hand; madness (he maintained) was the opposite to wisdom;
not that he regarded simple ignorance as madness;'7' but he put it
thus: for a man to be ignorant of himself; to imagine and suppose that
he knows what he knows not; was (he argued); if not madness itself;
yet something very like it。 The mass of men no doubt hold a different
language: if a man is all abroad on some matter of which the mass of
mankind are ignorant; they do not pronounce him 〃mad〃;'8' but a like
aberration of mind; if only it be about matters within the scope of
ordinary knowledge; they call madness。 For instance; any one who
imagined himself too tall to pass under a gateway of the Long Wall
without stooping; or so strong as to try to lift a house; or to
attempt any other obvious impossibility; is a madman according to
them; but in the popular sense he is not mad; if his obliquity is
confined to small matters。 In fact; just as strong desire goes by the
name of passion in popular parlance; so mental obliquity on a grand
scale is entitled madness。

'7' See K。 Joel; op。 cit。 p。 346; Grote; 〃Plato;〃 i。 400。

'8' Or; 〃they resent the term 'mad' being applied to people who are
    all abroad;〃 etc。 See Comte; 〃Pos。 Pol。〃 i。 575; ii。 373 (Engl。
    trans。)

In answer to the question: what is envy? he discovered it to be a
certain kind of pain; not certainly the sorrow felt at the misfortunes
of a friend or the good fortune of an enemythat is not envy; but; as
he said; 〃envy is felt by those alone who are annoyed at the successes
of their friends。〃 And when some one or other expressed astonishment
that any one friendlily disposed to another should be pained at his
well…doing; he reminded him of a common tendency in people: when any
one is faring ill their sympathies are touched; they rush to the aid
of the unfortunate; but when fortune smiles on others; they are
somwhow pained。 〃I do not say;〃 he added; 〃this could happen to a
thoughtful person; but it is no uncommon condition of a silly
mind。〃'9'

'9' Or; 〃a man in his senses 。 。 。 a simpleton〃; for the sentiment L。
    Dind。 cf。 Isocr。 〃ad Demonic。〃 7 D。

In answer to the question: what is leisure? I discover (he said) that
most men do something:'10' for instance; the dice player;'11' the
gambler; the buffoon; do something; but these have leisure; they can;
if they like; turn and do something better; but nobody has leisure to
turn from the better to the worse; and if he does so turn; when he has
no leisure; he does but ill in that。

'10' See above; I。 ii。 57; and in ref。 to these definitions; K。 Joel;
    op。 cit。 p。 347 foll。

'11' For 〃dice…playing〃 see Becker; 〃Charicl。〃 354 (Engl。 trans。); for
    〃buffoonery;〃 ib。 98; 〃Symp。〃

(To pass to another definition。) They are not kings or rulers (he
said) who hold the sceptre merely; or are chosen by fellows out of the
street;'12' or are appointed by lot; or have stepped into office by
violence or by fraud; but those who have the special knowledge'13' how
to rule。 Thus having won the admission that it is the function of a
ruler to enjoin what ought to be done; and of those who are ruled to
obey; he proceeded to point out by instances that in a ship the ruler
or captain is the man of special knowledge; to whom; as an expert; the
shipowner himself and all the others on board obey。 So likewise; in
the matter of husbandry; the proprietor of an estate; in that of
sickness; the patient; in that of physical training of the body; the
youthful athlete going through a course; and; in general; every one
directly concerned in any matter needing attention and care will
either attend to this matter personally; if he thinks he has the
special knowledge; or; if he mistrusts his own science; will be eager
to obey any expert on the spot; or will even send and fetch one from a
distance。 The guidance of this expert he will follow; and do what he
has to do at his dictation。

'12' Tom; Dick; and Harry (as we say)。

'13' The {episteme}。 See above; III。 v。 21; Newman; op。 cit。 i。 256。

And thus; in the art of spinning wool; he liked to point out that
women are the rulers of menand why? because they have the knowledge
of the art; and men have not。

And if any one raised the objection that a tyrant has it in his power
not to obey good and correct advice; he would retort: 〃Pray; how has
he the option not to obey; considering the penalty hanging over him
who disobeys the words of wisdom? for whatever the matter be in which
he disobeys the word of good advice; he will fall into error; I
presume; and falling into error; be punished。〃 And to the suggestion
that the tyrant could; if he liked; cut off the head of the man of
wisdom; his answer was: 〃Do you think that he who destroys his best
ally will go scot free; or suffer a mere slight and passing loss? Is
he more likely to secure his salvation that way; think you; or to
compass his own swift destruction?〃'14'

'14' Or; 〃Is that to choose the path of safety; think you? Is it not
    rather to sign his own death…warrent?〃 L。 Dind。 cf。 Hesiod; 〃Works
    and Days;〃 293。 See Newman; op。 cit。 i。 393…397。

When some one asked him: 〃What he regarded as the best pursuit or
business'15' for a man?〃 he answered: 〃Successful conduct〃;'16' and to
a second question: 〃Did he then regard good fortune as an end to be
pursued?〃〃On the contrary;〃 he answered; 〃for myself; I consider
fortune and conduct to be diametrically opposed。 For instance; to
succeed in some desirable course of action without seeking to do so; I
hold to be good fortune; but to do a thing well by dint of learning
and practice; that according to my creed is successful conduct;'17'
and those who make this the serious business of their life seem to me
to do well。〃

'15' Or; 〃the noblest study。〃

'16' {eupraxia; eu prattein}to do well; in the sense both of well or
    right doing; and of welfare; and is accordingly opposed to
    {eutukhia}; mere good luck or success。 Cf。 Plat。 〃Euthyd。〃 281 B。

'17' Lit。 〃well…doing〃; and for the Socratic view see Newman; op。 cit。
    i。 305; 401。

They are at once the best and the dearest in the sight of God'18' (he
went on to say) who for instance in husbandry do well the things of
farming; or in the art of healing all that belongs to healing; or in
statecraft the affairs of state; whereas a man who does nothing well
nor well in anythingis (he added) neither good for anything nor dear
to God。

'18' Or; 〃most divinely favoured。〃 Cf。 Plat。 〃Euthyphro;〃 7 A。


X

But indeed;'1' if chance brought him into conversation with any one
possessed of an art; and using it for daily purposes of business; he
never failed to be useful to this kind of person。 For instance;
stepping one time into the studio of Parrhasius'2' the painter; and
getting into conversation with him

'1' {alla men kai} 。 。 。 〃But indeed the sphere of his helpfulness was
    not circumscribed; if;〃 etc。

'2' For Parrhasius of Ephesus; the son of Evenor and rival of Zeuxis;
    see Woltmann and Woermann; 〃Hist。 of Painting;〃 p。 47 foll。;
    Cobet; 〃Pros。 Xen。〃 p。 50 (cf。 in particular Quint。 XII。 x。 627)。
    At the date of conversation (real or ideal) he may be supposed to
    have been a young man。

I suppose; Parrhasius (said he); painting may be defined as 〃a
representation of visible objects;〃 may it not?'3' That is to say; by
means of colours and palette you painters represent and reproduce as
closely as possible the ups and downs; lights and shadows; hard and
soft; rough and smooth surfaces; the freshness of youth and the
wrinkles of age; do you not?

'3' Reading with Schneider; L。 Dind。; etc。; after Stobaeus; {e
    graphike estin eikasia}; or if the vulg。 {graphike estin e
    eikasia}; trans。 〃Painting is the term applied to a particular
    representation;〃 etc。

You are right (he answered); that is so。

Soc。 Further; in portraying ideal types of beauty; seeing it is not
easy to light upon any one human being who is absolutely devoid of
blemish; you cull from many models the most beautiful traits of each;
and so make your figures appear completely beautiful?'4'

'4' Cf。 Cic。 〃de Invent。〃 ii。 1 ad in。 of Zeuxis; Max。 Tur。 〃Dissert。〃
    23; 3; ap。 Schneider ad loc。

Parrh。 Yes; that is how we do。'5'

'5' Or; 〃that is the secret of our creations;〃 or 〃our art of
    composition。〃

Well; but stop (Socrates continued); do you also pretend to represent
in similar perfection the characteristic moods of the soul; its
captivating charm and sweetness; with its deep wells of love; its
intensity of yearning; its burning point of passion? or is all this
quite incapable of being depicted?

Nay (he answered); how should a mood be other than inimitable;
Socrates; when it possesses neither linear proportion'6' nor colour;
nor any of those qualities which you named just now; when; in a word;
it is not even visible?

'6' Lit。 〃symmetry。〃 Cf。 Plin。 xxxv。 10; 〃primus symmetriam picturae
    dedit;〃 etc。

Soc。 Well; but the kindly look of love; the angry glance of hate at
any one; do find expression in the human subject; do they not?'7'

'7' Or; 〃the glance of love; the scowl of hate; which one directs
    towards 

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