the memorabilia-第20节

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has　learned　to　play　the　harp　is　a　harper；　even　if　he　never　touch　the
instrument；　or　as　one　who　has　studied　medicine　is　a　physician；　though
he　does　not　practise；　so　our　friend　here　from　this　time　forward　is　now
and　ever　shall　be　a　general；　even　though　he　does　not　receive　a　vote　at
the　elections。　But　the　dunce　who　has　not　the　science　is　neither
general　nor　doctor；　no；　not　even　if　the　whole　world　appointed　him。　But
（he　proceeded；　turning　to　the　youth）；　in　case　any　of　us　should　ever
find　ourselves　captain　or　colonel＇7＇　under　you；　to　give　us　some
smattering　of　the　science　of　war；　what　did　the　professor　take　as　the
starting…point　of　his　instruction　in　generalship？　Please　inform　us。

＇6＇　〃Il。〃　iii。　169；　170。

＇7＇　Or；　〃brigadier　or　captain；〃　lit。　taxiarch　or　lochagos。

Then　the　young　man：　He　began　where　he　ended；　he　taught　me　tactics＇8＇
tactics　and　nothing　else。

＇8＇　Cf。　〃Cyrop。〃　I。　vi。　12　foll。；　VIII。　v。　15。

Yet　surely　（replied　Socrates）　that　is　only　an　infinitisemal　part　of
generalship。　A　general＇9＇　must　be　ready　in　furnishing　the　material　of
war：　in　providing　the　commissariat　for　his　troops；　quick　in　devices；
he　must　be　full　of　practical　resource；　nothing　must　escape　his　eye　or
tax　his　endurance；　he　must　be　shrewd；　and　ready　of　wit；　a　combination
at　once　of　clemency　and　fierceness；　of　simplicity　and　of　insidious
craft；　he　must　play　the　part　of　watchman；　of　robber；　now　prodigal　as　a
spendthrift；　and　again　close…fisted　as　a　miser；　the　bounty　of　his
munificence　must　be　equalled　by　the　narrowness　of　his　greed；
impregnable　in　defence；　a　very　dare…devil　in　attackthese　and　many
other　qualities　must　he　possess　who　is　to　make　a　good　general　and
minister　of　war；　they　must　come　to　him　by　gift　of　nature　or　through
science。　No　doubt　it　is　a　grand　thing　also　to　be　a　tactician；　since
there　is　all　the　difference　in　the　world　between　an　army　properly
handled　in　the　field　and　the　same　in　disorder；　just　as　stones　and
bricks；　woodwork　and　tiles；　tumbled　together　in　a　heap　are　of　no　use
at　all；　but　arrange　them　in　a　certain　orderat　bottom　and　atop
materials　which　will　not　crumble　or　rot；　such　as　stones　and　earthen
tiles；　and　in　the　middle　between　the　two　put　bricks　and　woodwork；　with
an　eye　to　architectural　principle；＇10＇　and　finally　you　get　a　valuable
possessionto　wit；　a　dwelling…place。

＇9＇　A　strategos。　For　the　duties　and　spheres　of　action　of　this　officer；
　　　　see　Gow；　op。　cit。　xiv。　58。

＇10＇　〃As　in　the　building　of　a　house。〃　See　Vitrivius；　ii。　3；　Plin。　xxv。
　　　　14。

The　simile　is　very　apt；　Socrates＇11＇　（replied　the　youth）；　for　in
battle；　too；　the　rule　is　to　draw　up　the　best　men　in　front　and　rear；
with　those　of　inferior　quality　between；　where　they　may　be　led　on　by
the　former　and　pushed　on　by　the　hinder。

＇11＇　Cf。　〃Il。〃　iv。　297　foll。；　〃Cyrop。〃　VI。　iii。　25；　Polyb。　x。　22。

Soc。　Very　good；　no　doubt；　if　the　professor　taught　you　to　distinguish
good　and　bad；　but　if　not；　where　is　the　use　of　your　learning？　It　would
scarcely　help　you；　would　it；　to　be　told　to　arrange　coins　in　piles；　the
best　coins　at　top　and　bottom　and　the　worst　in　the　middle；　unless　you
were　first　taught　to　distinguish　real　from　counterfeit。

The　Youth。　Well　no；　upon　my　word；　he　did　not　teach　us　that；　so　that
the　task　of　distinguishing　between　good　and　bad　must　devolve　on
ourselves。

Soc。　Well；　shall　we　see；　then；　how　we　may　best　avoid　making　blunders
between　them？

I　am　ready　（replied　the　youth）。

Soc。　Well　then！　Let　us　suppose　we　are　marauders；　and　the　task　imposed
upon　us　is　to　carry　off　some　bullion；　it　will　be　a　right　disposition
of　our　forces　if　we　place　in　the　vanguard　those　who　are　the　greediest
of　gain？＇12＇

＇12＇　〃Whose　fingers　itch　for　gold。〃

The　Youth。　I　should　think　so。

Soc。　Then　what　if　there　is　danger　to　be　faced？　Shall　the　vanguard
consist　of　men　who　are　greediest　of　honour？

The　Youth。　It　is　these；　at　any　rate；　who　will　face　danger　for　the　sake
of　praise　and　glory。＇13＇　Fortunately　such　people　are　not　hid　away　in　a
corner；　they　shine　forth　conspicuous　everywhere；　and　are　easy　to　be
discovered。

＇13＇　Cf。　Shakesp。　〃seeking　the　bubble　reputation　even　in　the　cannon's
　　　　mouth。〃

Soc。　But　tell　me；　did　he　teach　you　how　to　draw　up　troops　in　general；
or　specifically　where　and　how　to　apply　each　particular　kind　of
tactical　arrangement？

The　Youth。　Nothing　of　the　sort。

Soc。　And　yet　there　are　and　must　be　innumerable　circumstances　in　which
the　same　ordering　of　march　or　battle　will　be　out　of　place。

The　Youth。　I　assure　you　he　did　not　draw　any　of　these　fine
distinctions。

He　did　not；　did　not　he？　（he　answered）。　Bless　me！　Go　back　to　him　again；
then；　and　ply　him　with　questions；　if　he　really　has　the　science；　and　is
not　lost　to　all　sense　of　shame；　he　will　blush　to　have　taken　your　money
and　then　to　have　sent　you　away　empty。


II

At　another　time　he　fell　in　with　a　man　who　had　been　chosen　general　and
minister　of　war；　and　thus　accosted　him。

Soc。　Why　did　Homer；　think　you；　designate　Agamemnon　〃shepherd　of　the
peoples〃？＇1＇　Was　it　possibly　to　show　that；　even　as　a　shepherd　must
care　for　his　sheep　and　see　that　they　are　safe　and　have　all　things
needful；　and　that　the　objects　of　their　rearing　be　secured；　so　also
must　a　general　take　care　that　his　soldiers　are　safe　and　have　their
supplies；　and　attain　the　objects　of　their　soldiering？　Which　last　is
that　they　may　get　the　mastery　of　their　enemies；　and　so　add　to　their
own　good　fortune　and　happiness；　or　tell　me；　what　made　him　praise
Agamemnon；　saying

　　　　He　is　both　a　good　king　and　a　warrior　bold？＇2＇

Did　he　mean；　perhaps；　to　imply　that　he　would　be　a　'warrior　bold；'　not
merely　in　standing　alone　and　bravely　battling　against　the　foe；　but　as
inspiring　the　whole　of　his　host　with　like　prowess；　and　by　a　'good
king；'　not　merely　one　who　should　stand　forth　gallantly　to　protect　his
own　life；　but　who　should　be　the　source　of　happiness　to　all　over　whom
he　reigns？　Since　a　man　is　not　chosen　king　in　order　to　take　heed　to
himself；　albeit　nobly；　but　that　those　who　chose　him　may　attain　to
happiness　through　him。　And　why　do　men　go　soldiering　except　to
ameliorate　existence？＇3＇　and　to　this　end　they　choose　their　generals
that　they　may　find　in　them　guides　to　the　goal　in　question。　He；　then；
who　undertakes　that　office　is　bound　to　procure　for　those　who　choose
him　the　thing　they　seek　for。　And　indeed　it　were　not　easy　to　find　any
nobler　ambition　than　this；　or　aught　ignobler　than　its　opposite。

＇1＇　〃Il。〃　ii。　243。　〃The　People's　Paster；〃　Chapman。

＇2＇　〃Il。〃　iii。　179；　cf。　〃Symp。〃　iv。　6。　A　favourite　line　of　Alexander
　　　　the　Great's；　it　is　said。

＇3＇　Of；　〃that　life　may　reach　some　flower　of　happiness。〃

After　such　sort　he　handled　the　question；　what　is　the　virtue　of　a　good
leader？　and　by　shredding　off　all　superficial　qualities；　laid　bare　as
the　kernel　of　the　matter　that　it　is　the　function　of　every　leader　to
make　those　happy　whom　he　may　be　called　upon　to　lead。＇4＇

＇4＇　Cf。　Plat。　〃Rep。〃　342。


III

The　following　conversation　with　a　youth　who　had　just　been　elected
hipparch＇1＇　（or　commandant　of　cavalry）；　I　can　also　vouch　for。＇2＇

＇1＇　Cf。　〃Hipparch。〃

＇2＇　Lit。　〃I　know　he　once　held。〃

Soc。　Can　you　tell　us　what　set　you　wishing　to　be　a　general　of　cavalry；
young　sir？　What　was　your　object？　I　suppose　it　was　not　simply　to　ride
at　the　head　of　the　〃knights；〃　an　honour　not　denied　to　the　mounted
archers；＇3＇　who　ride　even　in　front　of　the　generals　themselves？

＇3＇　Lit。　〃Hippotoxotai。〃　See　Boeckh；　〃P。　E。　A。〃　II。　xxi。　p。　264　（Eng。
　　　　tr。）

Hipp。　You　are　right。

Soc。　No　more　was　it　for　the　sake　merely　of　public　notoriety；　since　a
madman　might　boast　of　that　fatal　distinction。＇4＇

＇4＇　Or；　〃as　we　all　know；　'Tom　Fool'　can　boast；〃　etc。

Hipp。　You　are　right　again。

Soc。　Is　this　possibly　the　explanation？　you　think　to　improve　the
cavalryyour　aim　would　be　to　hand　it　over　to　the　state　in　better
condition　than　you　find　it；　and；　if　the　cavalry　chanced　to　be　called
out；　you　at　their　head　would　be　the　cause　of　some　good　thing　to
Athens？

Hipp。　Most　certainly。

Soc。　Well；　and　a　noble　ambition　too；　upon　my　wordif　you　can　achieve
your　object。　The　command　to　which　you　are　appointed　concerns　horses
and　riders；　does　it　not？

Hipp。　It　does；　no　doubt。

Soc。　Come　then；　will　you　explain　to　us　first　how　you　propose　to
improve　the　horses。

Hipp。　Ah；　that　will　scarcely　form　part　of　my　business；　I　fancy。　Each
trooper　is　personally　responsible　for　the　condition　of　his　horse。

Soc。　But　suppose；　when　they　present　themselves　and　their　horses；＇5＇
you　find　that　some　have　brought　beasts　with　bad　feet　or　legs　or
otherwise　infirm；　and　others　such　ill…fed　jades　that　they　cannot　keep
up　on　the　march；　others；　again；　brutes　so　ill　broken　and　unmanageable
that　they　will　not　keep　their　place　in　the　ranks；　and　others　such
desperate　plungers　that　they　cannot　be　got　to　any　place　in　the　ranks
at　all。　What　becomes　of　your　cavalry　force　then？　How　will　you　charge
at　the　head　of　such　a　troop；　and　win　glory　for　the　state？

＇5＇　For　this　phrase；　see　Schneider　and　Kuhner　ad　loc。

Hipp。　You　are　right。　I　will　try　to　look　after　the　horses　to　my　utmost。

Soc。　Well；　and　will　you　not　lay　your　hand　to　improve　the　men
themselves？

Hipp。　I　will。

Soc。　The　first　thing　will　be　to　make