a footnote to history-第2节
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himself on proclamations; which it does not follow that any one
will heed。 He can summon parliaments; it does not follow they will
assemble。 If he be too flagrantly disobeyed; he can go to war。
But so he could before; when he was only the chief of certain
provinces。 His own provinces will support him; the provinces of
his rivals will take the field upon the other part; just as before。
In so far as he is the holder of any of the five NAMES; in short;
he is a man to be reckoned with; in so far as he is king of Samoa;
I cannot find but what the president of a college debating society
is a far more formidable officer。 And unfortunately; although the
credit side of the account proves thus imaginary; the debit side is
actual and heavy。 For he is now set up to be the mark of consuls;
he will be badgered to raise taxes; to make roads; to punish crime;
to quell rebellion: and how he is to do it is not asked。
If I am in the least right in my presentation of this obscure
matter; no one need be surprised to hear that the land is full of
war and rumours of war。 Scarce a year goes by but what some
province is in arms; or sits sulky and menacing; holding
parliaments; disregarding the king's proclamations and planting
food in the bush; the first step of military preparation。 The
religious sentiment of the people is indeed for peace at any price;
no pastor can bear arms; and even the layman who does so is denied
the sacraments。 In the last war the college of Malua; where the
picked youth are prepared for the ministry; lost but a single
student; the rest; in the bosom of a bleeding country; and deaf to
the voices of vanity and honour; peacefully pursued their studies。
But if the church looks askance on war; the warrior in no extremity
of need or passion forgets his consideration for the church。 The
houses and gardens of her ministers stand safe in the midst of
armies; a way is reserved for themselves along the beach; where
they may be seen in their white kilts and jackets openly passing
the lines; while not a hundred yards behind the skirmishers will be
exchanging the useless volleys of barbaric warfare。 Women are also
respected; they are not fired upon; and they are suffered to pass
between the hostile camps; exchanging gossip; spreading rumour; and
divulging to either army the secret councils of the other。 This is
plainly no savage war; it has all the punctilio of the barbarian;
and all his parade; feasts precede battles; fine dresses and songs
decorate and enliven the field; and the young soldier comes to camp
burning (on the one hand) to distinguish himself by acts of valour;
and (on the other) to display his acquaintance with field
etiquette。 Thus after Mataafa became involved in hostilities
against the Germans; and had another code to observe beside his
own; he was always asking his white advisers if 〃things were done
correctly。〃 Let us try to be as wise as Mataafa; and to conceive
that etiquette and morals differ in one country and another。 We
shall be the less surprised to find Samoan war defaced with some
unpalatable customs。 The childish destruction of fruit…trees in an
enemy's country cripples the resources of Samoa; and the habit of
head…hunting not only revolts foreigners; but has begun to exercise
the minds of the natives themselves。 Soon after the German heads
were taken; Mr。 Carne; Wesleyan missionary; had occasion to visit
Mataafa's camp; and spoke of the practice with abhorrence。 〃Misi
Kane;〃 said one chief; 〃we have just been puzzling ourselves to
guess where that custom came from。 But; Misi; is it not so that
when David killed Goliath; he cut off his head and carried it
before the king?〃
With the civil life of the inhabitants we have far less to do; and
yet even here a word of preparation is inevitable。 They are easy;
merry; and pleasure…loving; the gayest; though by far from either
the most capable or the most beautiful of Polynesians。 Fine dress
is a passion; and makes a Samoan festival a thing of beauty。 Song
is almost ceaseless。 The boatman sings at the oar; the family at
evening worship; the girls at night in the guest…house; sometimes
the workman at his toil。 No occasion is too small for the poets
and musicians; a death; a visit; the day's news; the day's
pleasantry; will be set to rhyme and harmony。 Even half…grown
girls; the occasion arising; fashion words and train choruses of
children for its celebration。 Song; as with all Pacific islanders;
goes hand in hand with the dance; and both shade into the drama。
Some of the performances are indecent and ugly; some only dull;
others are pretty; funny; and attractive。 Games are popular。
Cricket…matches; where a hundred played upon a side; endured at
times for weeks; and ate up the country like the presence of an
army。 Fishing; the daily bath; flirtation; courtship; which is
gone upon by proxy; conversation; which is largely political; and
the delights of public oratory; fill in the long hours。
But the special delight of the Samoan is the MALANGA。 When people
form a party and go from village to village; junketing and
gossiping; they are said to go on a MALANGA。 Their songs have
announced their approach ere they arrive; the guest…house is
prepared for their reception; the virgins of the village attend to
prepare the kava bowl and entertain them with the dance; time flies
in the enjoyment of every pleasure which an islander conceives; and
when the MALANGA sets forth; the same welcome and the same joys
expect them beyond the next cape; where the nearest village nestles
in its grove of palms。 To the visitors it is all golden; for the
hosts; it has another side。 In one or two words of the language
the fact peeps slyly out。 The same word (AFEMOEINA) expresses 〃a
long call〃 and 〃to come as a calamity〃; the same word (LESOLOSOLOU)
signifies 〃to have no intermission of pain〃 and 〃to have no
cessation; as in the arrival of visitors〃; and SOUA; used of
epidemics; bears the sense of being overcome as with 〃fire; flood;
or visitors。〃 But the gem of the dictionary is the verb ALOVAO;
which illustrates its pages like a humorous woodcut。 It is used in
the sense of 〃to avoid visitors;〃 but it means literally 〃hide in
the wood。〃 So; by the sure hand of popular speech; we have the
picture of the house deserted; the MALANGA disappointed; and the
host that should have been quaking in the bush。
We are thus brought to the beginning of a series of traits of
manners; highly curious in themselves; and essential to an
understanding of the war。 In Samoa authority sits on the one hand
entranced; on the other; property stands bound in the midst of
chartered marauders。 What property exists is vested in the family;
not in the individual; and of the loose communism in which a family
dwells; the dictionary may yet again help us to some idea。 I find
a string of verbs with the following senses: to deal leniently
with; as in helping oneself from a family plantation; to give away
without consulting other members of the family; to go to strangers
for help instead of to relatives; to take from relatives without
permission; to steal from relatives; to have plantations robbed by
relatives。 The ideal of conduct in the family; and some of its
depravations; appear here very plainly。 The man who (in a native
word of praise) is MATA…AINGA; a race…regarder; has his hand always
open to his kindred; the man who is not (in a native term of
contempt) NOA; knows always where to turn in any pinch of want or
extremity of laziness。 Beggary within the family … and by the less
self…respecting; without it … has thus grown into a custom and a
scourge; and the dictionary teems with evidence of its abuse。
Special words signify the begging of food; of uncooked food; of
fish; of pigs; of pigs for travellers; of pigs for stock; of taro;
of taro…tops; of taro…tops for planting; of tools; of flyhooks; of
implements for netting pigeons; and of mats。 It is true the beggar
was supposed in time to make a return; somewhat as by the Roman
contract of MUTUUM。 But the obligation was only moral; it could
not be; or was not; enforced; as a matter of fact; it was
disregarded。 The language had recently to borrow from the
Tahitians a word for debt; while by a significant excidence; it
possessed a native expression for the failure to pay … 〃to omit to
make a return for property begged。〃 Conceive now the position of
the householder besieged by harpies; and all defence denied him by
the laws of honour。 The sacramental gesture of refusal; his last
and single resource; was supposed to signify 〃my house is
destitute。〃 Until that point was reached; in other words; the
conduct prescribed for a Samoan was to give and to continue giving。
But it does not appear he was at all ex