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correct it by extraneous testimony。  It is not so much the facts 

that are historical; as the man's attitude。  No one could hear this 

tale as he originally told it in my hearing … I think none can read 

it as here condensed and unadorned … without admiring the fairness 

and simplicity of the Samoan; and wondering at the want of heart … 

or want of humour … in so many successive civilised Germans; that 

they should have continued to surround this infant with the secrecy 

of state。







CHAPTER IV … BRANDEIS

SEPTEMBER '87 TO AUGUST '88







SO Tamasese was on the throne; and Brandeis behind it; and I have 

now to deal with their brief and luckless reign。  That it was the 

reign of Brandeis needs not to be argued:  the policy is throughout 

that of an able; over…hasty white; with eyes and ideas。  But it 

should be borne in mind that he had a double task; and must first 

lead his sovereign; before he could begin to drive their common 

subjects。  Meanwhile; he himself was exposed (if all tales be true) 

to much dictation and interference; and to some 〃cumbrous aid;〃 

from the consulate and the firm。  And to one of these aids; the 

suppression of the municipality; I am inclined to attribute his 

ultimate failure。



The white enemies of the new regimen were of two classes。  In the 

first stood Moors and the employes of MacArthur; the two chief 

rivals of the firm; who saw with jealousy a clerk (or a so…called 

clerk) of their competitors advanced to the chief power。  The 

second class; that of the officials; numbered at first exactly one。  

Wilson; the English acting consul; is understood to have held 

strict orders to help Germany。  Commander Leary; of the ADAMS; the 

American captain; when he arrived; on the 16th October; and for 

some time after; seemed devoted to the German interest; and spent 

his days with a German officer; Captain Von Widersheim; who was 

deservedly beloved by all who knew him。  There remains the American 

consul…general; Harold Marsh Sewall; a young man of high spirit and 

a generous disposition。  He had obeyed the orders of his government 

with a grudge; and looked back on his past action with regret 

almost to be called repentance。  From the moment of the declaration 

of war against Laupepa; we find him standing forth in bold; 

consistent; and sometimes rather captious opposition; stirring up 

his government at home with clear and forcible despatches; and on 

the spot grasping at every opportunity to thrust a stick into the 

German wheels。  For some while; he and Moors fought their difficult 

battle in conjunction; in the course of which; first one; and then 

the other; paid a visit home to reason with the authorities at 

Washington; and during the consul's absence; there was found an 

American clerk in Apia; William Blacklock; to perform the duties of 

the office with remarkable ability and courage。  The three names 

just brought together; Sewall; Moors; and Blacklock; make the head 

and front of the opposition; if Tamasese fell; if Brandeis was 

driven forth; if the treaty of Berlin was signed; theirs is the 

blame or the credit。



To understand the feelings of self…reproach and bitterness with 

which Sewall took the field; the reader must see Laupepa's letter 

of farewell to the consuls of England and America。  It is singular 

that this far from brilliant or dignified monarch; writing in the 

forest; in heaviness of spirit and under pressure for time; should 

have left behind him not only one; but two remarkable and most 

effective documents。  The farewell to his people was touching; the 

farewell to the consuls; for a man of the character of Sewall; must 

have cut like a whip。  〃When the chief Tamasese and others first 

moved the present troubles;〃 he wrote; 〃it was my wish to punish 

them and put an end to the rebellion; but I yielded to the advice 

of the British and American consuls。  Assistance and protection was 

repeatedly promised to me and my government; if I abstained from 

bringing war upon my country。  Relying upon these promises; I did 

not put down the rebellion。  Now I find that war has been made upon 

me by the Emperor of Germany; and Tamasese has been proclaimed king 

of Samoa。  I desire to remind you of the promises so frequently 

made by your government; and trust that you will so far redeem them 

as to cause the lives and liberties of my chiefs and people to be 

respected。〃



Sewall's immediate adversary was; of course; Becker。  I have formed 

an opinion of this gentleman; largely from his printed despatches; 

which I am at a loss to put in words。  Astute; ingenious; capable; 

at moments almost witty with a kind of glacial wit in action; he 

displayed in the course of this affair every description of 

capacity but that which is alone useful and which springs from a 

knowledge of men's natures。  It chanced that one of Sewall's early 

moves played into his hands; and he was swift to seize and to 

improve the advantage。  The neutral territory and the tripartite 

municipality of Apia were eyesores to the German consulate and 

Brandeis。  By landing Tamasese's two or three hundred warriors at 

Mulinuu; as Becker himself owns; they had infringed the treaties; 

and Sewall entered protest twice。  There were two ways of escaping 

this dilemma:  one was to withdraw the warriors; the other; by some 

hocus…pocus; to abrogate the neutrality。  And the second had 

subsidiary advantages:  it would restore the taxes of the richest 

district in the islands to the Samoan king; and it would enable 

them to substitute over the royal seat the flag of Germany for the 

new flag of Tamasese。  It is true (and it was the subject of much 

remark) that these two could hardly be distinguished by the naked 

eye; but their effects were different。  To seat the puppet king on 

German land and under German colours; so that any rebellion was 

constructive war on Germany; was a trick apparently invented by 

Becker; and which we shall find was repeated and persevered in till 

the end。



Otto Martin was at this time magistrate in the municipality。  The 

post was held in turn by the three nationalities; Martin had served 

far beyond his term; and should have been succeeded months before 

by an American。  To make the change it was necessary to hold a 

meeting of the municipal board; consisting of the three consuls; 

each backed by an assessor。  And for some time these meetings had 

been evaded or refused by the German consul。  As long as it was 

agreed to continue Martin; Becker had attended regularly; as soon 

as Sewall indicated a wish for his removal; Becker tacitly 

suspended the municipality by refusing to appear。  This policy was 

now the more necessary; for if the whole existence of the 

municipality were a check on the freedom of the new government; it 

was plainly less so when the power to enforce and punish lay in 

German hands。  For some while back the Malietoa flag had been flown 

on the municipal building:  Becker denies this; I am sorry; my 

information obliges me to suppose he is in error。  Sewall; with 

post…mortem loyalty to the past; insisted that this flag should be 

continued。  And Becker immediately made his point。  He declared; 

justly enough; that the proposal was hostile; and argued that it 

was impossible he should attend a meeting under a flag with which 

his sovereign was at war。  Upon one occasion of urgency; he was 

invited to meet the two other consuls at the British consulate; 

even this he refused; and for four months the municipality 

slumbered; Martin still in office。  In the month of October; in 

consequence; the British and American ratepayers announced they 

would refuse to pay。  Becker doubtless rubbed his hands。  On 

Saturday; the 10th; the chief Tamaseu; a Malietoa man of substance 

and good character; was arrested on a charge of theft believed to 

be vexatious; and cast by Martin into the municipal prison。  He 

sent to Moors; who was his tenant and owed him money at the time; 

for bail。  Moors applied to Sewall; ranking consul。  After some 

search; Martin was found and refused to consider bail before the 

Monday morning。  Whereupon Sewall demanded the keys from the 

gaoler; accepted Moors's verbal recognisances; and set Tamaseu 

free。



Things were now at a deadlock; and Becker astonished every one by 

agreeing to a meeting on the 14th。  It seems he knew what to 

expect。  Writing on the 13th at least; he prophesies that the 

meeting will be held in vain; that the municipality must lapse; and 

the government of Tamasese step in。  On the 14th; Sewall left his 

consulate in time; and walked some part of the way to the place of 

meeting in company with Wilson; the English pro…consul。  But he had 

forgotten a paper; and in an evil hour returned for it alone。  

Wilson arrived without him; and Becker broke up the meeting for 

want of a quorum。  There was some unedifyin

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