a footnote to history-第1节
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A Footnote to History
by Robert Louis Stevenson
PREFACE
AN affair which might be deemed worthy of a note of a few lines in
any general history has been here expanded to the size of a volume
or large pamphlet。 The smallness of the scale; and the singularity
of the manners and events and many of the characters; considered;
it is hoped that; in spite of its outlandish subject; the sketch
may find readers。 It has been a task of difficulty。 Speed was
essential; or it might come too late to be of any service to a
distracted country。 Truth; in the midst of conflicting rumours and
in the dearth of printed material; was often hard to ascertain; and
since most of those engaged were of my personal acquaintance; it
was often more than delicate to express。 I must certainly have
erred often and much; it is not for want of trouble taken nor of an
impartial temper。 And if my plain speaking shall cost me any of
the friends that I still count; I shall be sorry; but I need not be
ashamed。
In one particular the spelling of Samoan words has been altered;
and the characteristic nasal N of the language written throughout
NG instead of G。 Thus I put Pango…Pango; instead of Pago…Pago; the
sound being that of soft NG in English; as in SINGER; not as in
FINGER。
R。 L。 S。
VAILIMA;
UPOLU;
SAMOA。
EIGHT YEARS OF TROUBLE IN SAMOA
CHAPTER I … THE ELEMENTS OF DISCORD: NATIVE
THE story I have to tell is still going on as I write; the
characters are alive and active; it is a piece of contemporary
history in the most exact sense。 And yet; for all its actuality
and the part played in it by mails and telegraphs and iron
warships; the ideas and the manners of the native actors date back
before the Roman Empire。 They are Christians; church…goers;
singers of hymns at family worship; hardy cricketers; their books
are printed in London by Spottiswoode; Trubner; or the Tract
Society; but in most other points they are the contemporaries of
our tattooed ancestors who drove their chariots on the wrong side
of the Roman wall。 We have passed the feudal system; they are not
yet clear of the patriarchal。 We are in the thick of the age of
finance; they are in a period of communism。 And this makes them
hard to understand。
To us; with our feudal ideas; Samoa has the first appearance of a
land of despotism。 An elaborate courtliness marks the race alone
among Polynesians; terms of ceremony fly thick as oaths on board a
ship; commoners my…lord each other when they meet … and urchins as
they play marbles。 And for the real noble a whole private dialect
is set apart。 The common names for an axe; for blood; for bamboo;
a bamboo knife; a pig; food; entrails; and an oven are taboo in his
presence; as the common names for a bug and for many offices and
members of the body are taboo in the drawing…rooms of English
ladies。 Special words are set apart for his leg; his face; his
hair; his belly; his eyelids; his son; his daughter; his wife; his
wife's pregnancy; his wife's adultery; adultery with his wife; his
dwelling; his spear; his comb; his sleep; his dreams; his anger;
the mutual anger of several chiefs; his food; his pleasure in
eating; the food and eating of his pigeons; his ulcers; his cough;
his sickness; his recovery; his death; his being carried on a bier;
the exhumation of his bones; and his skull after death。 To address
these demigods is quite a branch of knowledge; and he who goes to
visit a high chief does well to make sure of the competence of his
interpreter。 To complete the picture; the same word signifies the
watching of a virgin and the warding of a chief; and the same word
means to cherish a chief and to fondle a favourite child。
Men like us; full of memories of feudalism; hear of a man so
addressed; so flattered; and we leap at once to the conclusion that
he is hereditary and absolute。 Hereditary he is; born of a great
family; he must always be a man of mark; but yet his office is
elective and (in a weak sense) is held on good behaviour。 Compare
the case of a Highland chief: born one of the great ones of his
clan; he was sometimes appointed its chief officer and conventional
father; was loved; and respected; and served; and fed; and died for
implicitly; if he gave loyalty a chance; and yet if he sufficiently
outraged clan sentiment; was liable to deposition。 As to
authority; the parallel is not so close。 Doubtless the Samoan
chief; if he be popular; wields a great influence; but it is
limited。 Important matters are debated in a fono; or native
parliament; with its feasting and parade; its endless speeches and
polite genealogical allusions。 Debated; I say … not decided; for
even a small minority will often strike a clan or a province
impotent。 In the midst of these ineffective councils the chief
sits usually silent: a kind of a gagged audience for village
orators。 And the deliverance of the fono seems (for the moment) to
be final。 The absolute chiefs of Tahiti and Hawaii were addressed
as plain John and Thomas; the chiefs of Samoa are surfeited with
lip…honour; but the seat and extent of their actual authority is
hard to find。
It is so in the members of the state; and worse in the belly。 The
idea of a sovereign pervades the air; the name we have; the thing
we are not so sure of。 And the process of election to the chief
power is a mystery。 Certain provinces have in their gift certain
high titles; or NAMES; as they are called。 These can only be
attributed to the descendants of particular lines。 Once granted;
each name conveys at once the principality (whatever that be worth)
of the province which bestows it; and counts as one suffrage
towards the general sovereignty of Samoa。 To be indubitable king;
they say; or some of them say; … I find few in perfect harmony; … a
man should resume five of these names in his own person。 But the
case is purely hypothetical; local jealousy forbids its occurrence。
There are rival provinces; far more concerned in the prosecution of
their rivalry than in the choice of a right man for king。 If one
of these shall have bestowed its name on competitor A; it will be
the signal and the sufficient reason for the other to bestow its
name on competitor B or C。 The majority of Savaii and that of Aana
are thus in perennial opposition。 Nor is this all。 In 1881;
Laupepa; the present king; held the three names of Malietoa;
Natoaitele; and Tamasoalii; Tamasese held that of Tuiaana; and
Mataafa that of Tuiatua。 Laupepa had thus a majority of suffrages;
he held perhaps as high a proportion as can be hoped in these
distracted islands; and he counted among the number the
preponderant name of Malietoa。 Here; if ever; was an election。
Here; if a king were at all possible; was the king。 And yet the
natives were not satisfied。 Laupepa was crowned; March 19th; and
next month; the provinces of Aana and Atua met in joint parliament;
and elected their own two princes; Tamasese and Mataafa; to an
alternate monarchy; Tamasese taking the first trick of two years。
War was imminent; when the consuls interfered; and any war were
preferable to the terms of the peace which they procured。 By the
Lackawanna treaty; Laupepa was confirmed king; and Tamasese set by
his side in the nondescript office of vice…king。 The compromise
was not; I am told; without precedent; but it lacked all appearance
of success。 To the constitution of Samoa; which was already all
wheels and no horses; the consuls had added a fifth wheel。 In
addition to the old conundrum; 〃Who is the king?〃 they had supplied
a new one; 〃What is the vice…king?〃
Two royal lines; some cloudy idea of alternation between the two;
an electorate in which the vote of each province is immediately
effectual; as regards itself; so that every candidate who attains
one name becomes a perpetual and dangerous competitor for the other
four: such are a few of the more trenchant absurdities。 Many
argue that the whole idea of sovereignty is modern and imported;
but it seems impossible that anything so foolish should have been
suddenly devised; and the constitution bears on its front the marks
of dotage。
But the king; once elected and nominated; what does he become? It
may be said he remains precisely as he was。 Election to one of the
five names is significant; it brings not only dignity but power;
and the holder is secure; from that moment; of a certain following
in war。 But I cannot find that the further step of election to the
kingship implies anything worth mention。 The successful candidate
is now the TUPU O SAMOA … much good may it do him! He can so sign
himself on proclamations; which it does not follow that any one
will heed。 He can su