pericles-第8节

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putting　over　to　Cyprus；　which　does　not　seem　to　be　probable。　But；
whichever　of　the　two　was　his　intention；　it　seems　to　have　been　a
miscalculation。　For　on　his　departure；　Melissus；　the　son　of
Ithagenes；　a　philosopher；　being　at　that　time　the　general　in　Samos；
despising　either　the　small　number　of　the　ships　that　were　left　or　the
inexperience　of　the　commanders；　prevailed　with　the　citizens　to
attack　the　Athenians。　And　the　Samians　having　won　the　battle；　and　taken
several　of　the　men　prisoners；　and　disabled　several　of　the　ships；
were　masters　of　the　sea；　and　brought　into　port　all　necessaries　they
wanted　for　the　war；　which　they　had　not　before。　Aristotle　says；　too；
that　Pericles　had　been　once　before　this　worsted　by　this　Melissus　in
a　sea…fight。
　　The　Samians；　that　they　might　requite　an　affront　which　had　before
been　put　upon　them；　branded　the　Athenians；　whom　they　took　prisoners；
in　their　foreheads；　with　the　figure　of　an　owl。　For　so　the　Athenians
had　marked　them　before　with　a　Samaena；　which　is　a　sort　of　ship；　low
and　flat　in　the　prow；　so　as　to　look　snub…nosed；　but　wide　and　large　and
well…spread　in　the　hold；　by　which　it　both　carries　a　large　cargo　and
sails　well。　And　it　was　so　called；　because　the　first　of　that　kind　was
seen　at　Samos；　having　been　built　by　order　of　Polycrates　the　tyrant。
These　brands　upon　the　Samians'　foreheads；　they　say；　are　the　allusion
in　the　passage　of　Aristophanes；　where　he　says…

　　　　　　　　〃For；　oh；　the　Samians　are　a　lettered　people。〃

　　Pericles；　as　soon　as　news　was　brought　him　of　the　disaster　that　had
befallen　his　army；　made　all　the　haste　he　could　to　come　in　to　their
relief；　and　having　defeated　Melissus；　who　bore　up　against　him；　and　put
the　enemy　to　flight；　he　immediately　proceeded　to　hem　them　in　with　a
wall；　resolving　to　master　them　and　take　the　town；　rather　with　some
cost　and　time　than　with　the　wounds　and　hazards　of　his　citizens。　But　as
it　was　a　hard　matter　to　keep　back　the　Athenians；　who　were　vexed　at　the
delay；　and　were　eagerly　bent　to　fight；　he　divided　the　whole
multitude　into　eight　parts；　and　arranged　by　lot　that　that　part　which
had　the　white　bean　should　have　leave　to　feast　and　take　their　ease
while　the　other　seven　were　fighting。　And　this　is　the　reason；　they　say；
that　people；　when　at　any　time　they　have　been　merry；　and　enjoyed
themselves；　called　it　white　day；　in　allusion　to　this　white　bean。
　　Ephorus　the　historian　tells　us　besides；　that　Pericles　made　use　of
engines　of　battery　in　this　siege；　being　much　taken　with　the
curiousness　of　the　invention；　with　the　aid　and　presence　of　Artemon
himself；　the　engineer；　who；　being　lame；　used　to　be　carried　about　in
a　litter；　where　the　works　required　his　attendance；　and　for　that　reason
was　called　Periphoretus。　But　Heraclides　Ponticus　disproves　this　out　of
Anacreon's　poems；　where　mention　is　made　of　this　Artemon　Periphoretus
several　ages　before　the　Samian　war；　or　any　of　these　occurrences。　And
he　says　that　Artemon；　being　a　man　who　loved　his　ease；　and　had　a
great　apprehension　of　danger；　for　the　most　part　kept　close　within
doors；　having　two　of　his　servants　to　hold　a　brazen　shield　over　his
head；　that　nothing　might　fall　upon　him　from　above；　and　if　he　were　at
any　time　forced　upon　necessity　to　go　abroad；　that　he　was　carried　about
in　a　little　hanging　bed；　close　to　the　very　ground；　and　that　for　this
reason　he　was　called　Periphoretus。
　　In　the　ninth　month；　the　Samians　surrendering　themselves　and
delivering　up　the　town；　Pericles　pulled　down　their　walls；　and　seized
their　shipping；　and　set　a　fine　of　a　large　sum　of　money　upon　them；　part
of　which　they　paid　down　at　once；　and　they　agreed　to　bring　in　the
rest　by　a　certain　time；　and　gave　hostages　for　security。　Duris　the
Samian　makes　a　tragical　drama　out　of　these　events；　charging　the
Athenians　and　Pericles　with　a　great　deal　of　cruelty；　which　neither
Thucydides；　nor　Ephorus；　nor　Aristotle　have　given　any　relation　of；　and
probably　with　little　regard　to　truth；　how；　for　example；　he　brought　the
captains　and　soldiers　of　the　alleys　into　the　market…place　at
Miletus；　and　there　having　bound　them　fast　to　boards　for　ten　days；
then；　when　they　were　already　all　but　half　dead；　gave　order　to　have
them　killed　by　beating　out　their　brains　with　clubs；　and　their　dead
bodies　to　be　flung　out　into　the　open　streets　and　fields；　unburied。
Duris　however；　who；　even　where　he　has　no　private　feeling　concerned；　is
not　wont　to　keep　his　narratives　within　the　limits　of　truth；　is　the
more　likely　upon　this　occasion　to　have　exaggerated　the　calamities
which　befell　his　country；　to　create　odium　against　the　Athenians。
Pericles　however；　after　the　reduction　of　Samos；　returning　back　to
Athens；　took　care　that　those　who　died　in　the　war　should　be
honourably　buried；　and　made　a　funeral　harangue；　as　the　custom　is；　in
their　commendation　at　their　graves；　for　which　he　gained　great
admiration。　As　he　came　down　from　the　stage　on　which　he　spoke；　the　rest
of　the　women　came　and　complimented　him；　taking　him　by　the　hand；　and
crowning　him　with　garlands　and　ribbons；　like　a　victorious　athlete　in
the　games；　but　Elpinice；　coming　near　to　him；　said；　〃These　are　brave
deeds；　Pericles；　that　you　have　done；　and　such　as　deserve　our　chaplets；
who　have　lost　us　many　a　worthy　citizen；　not　in　a　war　with
Phoenicians　or　Medes；　like　my　brother　Cimon；　but　for　the　overthrow
of　an　allied　and　kindred　city。〃　As　Elpinice　spoke　these　words；　he；
smiling　quietly；　as　it　is　said；　returned　her　answer　with　this　verse：…

　　　　　　　　〃Old　women　should　not　seek　to　be　perfumed。〃

Ion　says　of　him；　that　upon　this　exploit　of　his；　conquering　the
Samians；　he　indulged　very　high　and　proud　thoughts　of　himself：
whereas　Agamemnon　was　ten　years　taking　a　barbarous　city；　he　had　in
nine　months'　time　vanquished　and　taken　the　greatest　and　most
powerful　of　the　Ionians。　And　indeed　it　was　not　without　reason　that
he　assumed　this　glory　to　himself；　for；　in　real　truth；　there　was　much
uncertainty　and　great　hazard　in　this　great　war；　if　so　be；　as
Thucydides　tells　us；　the　Samian　state　were　within　a　very　little　of
wresting　the　whole　power　and　dominion　of　the　sea　out　of　the　Athenians'
hands。
　　After　this　was　over；　the　Peloponnesian　war　beginning　to　break　out　in
full　tide；　he　advised　the　people　to　send　help　to　the　Corcyraeans；
who　were　attacked　by　the　Corinthians；　and　to　secure　to　themselves　an
island　possessed　of　great　naval　resources；　since　the　Peloponnesians
were　already　all　but　in　actual　hostilities　against　them。　The　people
readily　consenting　to　the　motion；　and　voting　an　aid　and　succour　for
them；　he　despatched　Lacedaemonius；　Cimon's　son；　having　only　ten
ships　with　him；　as　it　were　out　of　a　design　to　affront　him；　for　there
was　a　great　kindness　and　friendship　betwixt　Cimon's　family　and　the
Lacedaemonians；　so；　in　order　that　Lacedaemonius　might　lie　the　more
open　to　a　charge；　or　suspicion　at　least；　of　favouring　the
Lacedaemonians　and　playing　false；　if　he　performed　no　considerable
exploit　in　this　service；　he　allowed　him　a　small　number　of　ships；　and
sent　him　out　against　his　will；　and　indeed　he　made　it　somewhat　his
business　to　hinder　Cimon's　sons　from　rising　in　the　state；　professing
that　by　their　very　names　they　were　not　to　be　looked　upon　as　native　and
true　Athenians；　but　foreigners　and　strangers；　one　being　called
Lacedaemonius；　another　Thessalus；　and　the　third　Eleus　and　they　were
all　three　of　them；　it　was　thought；　born　of　an　Arcadian　woman。　Being；
however；　ill　spoken　of　on　account　of　these　ten　galleys；　as　having
afforded　but　a　small　supply　to　the　people　that　were　in　need；　and　yet
given　a　great　advantage　to　those　who　might　complain　of　the　act　of
intervention；　Pericles　sent　out　a　larger　force　afterwards　to
Corcyra；　which　arrived　after　the　fight　was　over。　And　when　now　the
Corinthians；　angry　and　indignant　with　the　Athenians；　accused　them
publicly　at　Lacedaemon；　the　Megarians　joined　with　them；　complaining
that　they　were；　contrary　to　common　right　and　the　articles　of　peace
sworn　to　among　the　Greeks；　kept　out　and　driven　away　from　every
market　and　from　all　ports　under　the　control　of　the　Athenians。　The
Aeginetans；　also；　professing　to　be　ill…used　and　treated　with　violence；
made　supplications　in　private　to　the　Lacedaemonians　for　redress；
though　not　daring　openly　to　call　the　Athenians　in　question。　In　the
meantime；　also；　the　city　Potidaea；　under　the　dominion　of　the
Athenians；　but　a　colony　formerly　of　the　Corinthians；　had　revolted；　and
was　beset　with　a　formal　siege；　and　was　a　further　occasion　of
precipitating　the　war。
　　Yet　notwithstanding　all　this；　there　being　embassies　sent　to
Athens；　and　Archidamus；　the　King　of　the　Lacedaemonians；　endeavouring
to　bring　the　greater　part　of　the　complaints　and　matters　in　dispute
to　a　fair　determination；　and　to　pacify　and　allay　the　heats　of　the
allies；　it　is　very　likely　that　the　war　would　not　upon　any　other
grounds　of　quarrel　have　fallen　upon　the　Athenians；　could　they　have
been　prevailed　with　to　repeal　the　ordinance　against　the　Megarians；　and
to　be　reconciled　to　them。　Upon　which　account；　since　Pericles　was　the
man　who　mainly　opposed　it；　and　stirred　up　the　people's　passions　to
persist　in　their　contention　with　the　Megarians；　he　was　regarded　as　the
sole　cause　of　the　war。
　　They　say；　moreover；　that　ambassadors　went；　by　order；　from　Lacedaemon
to　Athens　a