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С˵£º the wars of the jews ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

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¡¡by¡¡their¡¡want¡¡of¡¡necessaries£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡betake¡¡himself¡¡again¡¡to¡¡arms£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡try¡¡to¡¡force¡¡them¡¡to¡¡surrender£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡what¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡greatly¡¡desired£»¡¡for¡¡as¡¡they¡¡despaired¡¡of¡¡either¡¡themselves¡¡or¡¡their¡¡city¡¡being¡¡able¡¡to¡¡escape£»¡¡they¡¡preferred¡¡a¡¡death¡¡in¡¡battle¡¡before¡¡one¡¡by¡¡hunger¡¡and¡¡thirst¡£

14¡£¡¡However£»¡¡Josephus¡¡contrived¡¡another¡¡stratagem¡¡besides¡¡the¡¡foregoing£»¡¡to¡¡get¡¡plenty¡¡of¡¡what¡¡they¡¡wanted¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡rough¡¡and¡¡uneven¡¡place¡¡that¡¡could¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡ascended£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡that¡¡account¡¡was¡¡not¡¡guarded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡soldiers£»¡¡so¡¡Josephus¡¡sent¡¡out¡¡certain¡¡persons¡¡along¡¡the¡¡western¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡valley£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡them¡¡sent¡¡letters¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡pleased¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡that¡¡were¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡and¡¡procured¡¡from¡¡them¡¡what¡¡necessaries¡¡soever¡¡they¡¡wanted¡¡in¡¡the¡¡city¡¡in¡¡abundance£»¡¡he¡¡enjoined¡¡them¡¡also¡¡to¡¡creep¡¡generally¡¡along¡¡by¡¡the¡¡watch¡¡as¡¡they¡¡came¡¡into¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡cover¡¡their¡¡backs¡¡with¡¡such¡¡sheep¡­skins¡¡as¡¡had¡¡their¡¡wool¡¡upon¡¡them£»¡¡that¡¡if¡¡any¡¡one¡¡should¡¡spy¡¡them¡¡out¡¡in¡¡the¡¡night¡¡time£»¡¡they¡¡might¡¡be¡¡believed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡dogs¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡done¡¡till¡¡the¡¡watch¡¡perceived¡¡their¡¡contrivance£»¡¡and¡¡encompassed¡¡that¡¡rough¡¡place¡¡about¡¡themselves¡£

15¡£¡¡And¡¡now¡¡it¡¡was¡¡that¡¡Josephus¡¡perceived¡¡that¡¡the¡¡city¡¡could¡¡not¡¡hold¡¡out¡¡long£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡his¡¡own¡¡life¡¡would¡¡be¡¡in¡¡doubt¡¡if¡¡he¡¡continued¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡so¡¡he¡¡consulted¡¡how¡¡he¡¡and¡¡the¡¡most¡¡potent¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡¡might¡¡fly¡¡out¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡multitude¡¡understood¡¡this£»¡¡they¡¡came¡¡all¡¡round¡¡about¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡begged¡¡of¡¡him¡¡not¡¡to¡¡overlook¡¡them¡¡while¡¡they¡¡entirely¡¡depended¡¡on¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡him¡¡alone£»¡¡for¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡still¡¡hope¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city's¡¡deliverance£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡would¡¡stay¡¡with¡¡them£»¡¡because¡¡every¡¡body¡¡would¡¡undertake¡¡any¡¡pains¡¡with¡¡great¡¡cheerfulness¡¡on¡¡his¡¡account£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡that¡¡case¡¡there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡some¡¡comfort¡¡for¡¡them¡¡also£»¡¡though¡¡they¡¡should¡¡be¡¡taken£º¡¡that¡¡it¡¡became¡¡him¡¡neither¡¡to¡¡fly¡¡from¡¡his¡¡enemies£»¡¡nor¡¡to¡¡desert¡¡his¡¡friends£»¡¡nor¡¡to¡¡leap¡¡out¡¡of¡¡that¡¡city£»¡¡as¡¡out¡¡of¡¡a¡¡ship¡¡that¡¡was¡¡sinking¡¡in¡¡a¡¡storm£»¡¡into¡¡which¡¡he¡¡came¡¡when¡¡it¡¡was¡¡quiet¡¡and¡¡in¡¡a¡¡calm£»¡¡for¡¡that¡¡by¡¡going¡¡away¡¡he¡¡would¡¡be¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡drowning¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡because¡¡nobody¡¡would¡¡then¡¡venture¡¡to¡¡oppose¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡once¡¡gone£»¡¡upon¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡wholly¡¡confided¡£¡¡¡¡16¡£¡¡Hereupon¡¡Josephus¡¡avoided¡¡letting¡¡them¡¡know¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡to¡¡go¡¡away¡¡to¡¡provide¡¡for¡¡his¡¡own¡¡safety£»¡¡but¡¡told¡¡them¡¡that¡¡he¡¡would¡¡go¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡¡for¡¡their¡¡sakes£»¡¡for¡¡that¡¡if¡¡he¡¡staid¡¡with¡¡them£»¡¡he¡¡should¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡do¡¡them¡¡little¡¡good¡¡while¡¡they¡¡were¡¡in¡¡a¡¡safe¡¡condition£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡once¡¡taken£»¡¡he¡¡should¡¡only¡¡perish¡¡with¡¡them¡¡to¡¡no¡¡purpose£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡if¡¡he¡¡were¡¡once¡¡gotten¡¡free¡¡from¡¡this¡¡siege£»¡¡he¡¡should¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡them¡¡very¡¡great¡¡relief£»¡¡for¡¡that¡¡he¡¡would¡¡then¡¡immediately¡¡get¡¡the¡¡Galileans¡¡together£»¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡in¡¡great¡¡multitudes£»¡¡and¡¡draw¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡off¡¡their¡¡city¡¡by¡¡another¡¡war¡£¡¡That¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡see¡¡what¡¡advantge¡¡he¡¡could¡¡bring¡¡to¡¡them¡¡now£»¡¡by¡¡staying¡¡among¡¡them£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡provoke¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡to¡¡besiege¡¡them¡¡more¡¡closely£»¡¡as¡¡esteeming¡¡it¡¡a¡¡most¡¡valuable¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡take¡¡him£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡once¡¡informed¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡fled¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡they¡¡would¡¡greatly¡¡remit¡¡of¡¡their¡¡eagerness¡¡against¡¡it¡£¡¡Yet¡¡did¡¡not¡¡this¡¡plea¡¡move¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡but¡¡inflamed¡¡them¡¡the¡¡more¡¡to¡¡hang¡¡about¡¡him¡£¡¡Accordingly£»¡¡both¡¡the¡¡children¡¡and¡¡the¡¡old¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡women¡¡with¡¡their¡¡infants£»¡¡came¡¡mourning¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡fell¡¡down¡¡before¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡of¡¡them¡¡caught¡¡hold¡¡of¡¡his¡¡feet£»¡¡and¡¡held¡¡him¡¡fast£»¡¡and¡¡besought¡¡him£»¡¡with¡¡great¡¡lamentations£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡would¡¡take¡¡his¡¡share¡¡with¡¡them¡¡in¡¡their¡¡fortune£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡think¡¡they¡¡did¡¡this£»¡¡not¡¡that¡¡they¡¡envied¡¡his¡¡deliverance£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡they¡¡hoped¡¡for¡¡their¡¡own£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡think¡¡they¡¡should¡¡suffer¡¡any¡¡great¡¡misfortune£»¡¡provided¡¡Josephus¡¡would¡¡but¡¡stay¡¡with¡¡them¡£¡¡

17¡£¡¡Now¡¡Josephus¡¡thought£»¡¡that¡¡if¡¡he¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡stay£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡ascribed¡¡to¡¡their¡¡entreaties£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡he¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡go¡¡away¡¡by¡¡force£»¡¡he¡¡should¡¡be¡¡put¡¡into¡¡custody¡£¡¡His¡¡commiseration¡¡also¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡under¡¡their¡¡lamentations¡¡had¡¡much¡¡broken¡¡that¡¡his¡¡eagerness¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡them£»¡¡so¡¡he¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡stay£»¡¡and¡¡arming¡¡himself¡¡with¡¡the¡¡common¡¡despair¡¡of¡¡the¡¡citizens£»¡¡he¡¡said¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡¡¨Now¡¡is¡¡the¡¡time¡¡to¡¡begin¡¡to¡¡fight¡¡in¡¡earnest£»¡¡when¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡hope¡¡of¡¡deliverance¡¡left¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡brave¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡prefer¡¡glory¡¡before¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡set¡¡about¡¡some¡¡such¡¡noble¡¡undertaking¡¡as¡¡may¡¡be¡¡remembered¡¡by¡¡late¡¡posterity¡£¡¨¡¡Having¡¡said¡¡this£»¡¡he¡¡fell¡¡to¡¡work¡¡immediately£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡a¡¡sally£»¡¡and¡¡dispersed¡¡the¡¡enemies'¡¡out¡­guards£»¡¡and¡¡ran¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡camp¡¡itself£»¡¡and¡¡pulled¡¡the¡¡coverings¡¡of¡¡their¡¡tents¡¡to¡¡pieces£»¡¡that¡¡were¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡banks£»¡¡and¡¡set¡¡fire¡¡to¡¡their¡¡works¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡was¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡never¡¡left¡¡off¡¡fighting£»¡¡neither¡¡the¡¡next¡¡day£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡day¡¡after¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡went¡¡on¡¡with¡¡it¡¡for¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡number¡¡of¡¡both¡¡days¡¡and¡¡nights¡£

18¡£¡¡Upon¡¡this£»¡¡Vespasian£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡saw¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡distressed¡¡by¡¡these¡¡sallies£»¡¡£¨though¡¡they¡¡were¡¡ashamed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡made¡¡to¡¡run¡¡away¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Jews£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡at¡¡any¡¡time¡¡they¡¡made¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡run¡¡away£»¡¡their¡¡heavy¡¡armor¡¡would¡¡not¡¡let¡¡them¡¡pursue¡¡them¡¡far£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡Jews£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡had¡¡performed¡¡any¡¡action£»¡¡and¡¡before¡¡they¡¡could¡¡be¡¡hurt¡¡themselves£»¡¡still¡¡retired¡¡into¡¡the¡¡city£»£©¡¡ordered¡¡his¡¡armed¡¡men¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡their¡¡onset£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡fight¡¡it¡¡out¡¡with¡¡men¡¡under¡¡desperation£»¡¡while¡¡nothing¡¡is¡¡more¡¡courageous¡¡than¡¡despair£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡their¡¡violence¡¡would¡¡be¡¡quenched¡¡when¡¡they¡¡saw¡¡they¡¡failed¡¡of¡¡their¡¡purposes£»¡¡as¡¡fire¡¡is¡¡quenched¡¡when¡¡it¡¡wants¡¡fuel£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡proper¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡their¡¡victories¡¡as¡¡cheap¡¡as¡¡they¡¡could£»¡¡since¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡fight£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡to¡¡enlarge¡¡their¡¡own¡¡dominions¡£¡¡So¡¡he¡¡repelled¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡in¡¡great¡¡measure¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Arabian¡¡archers£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Syrian¡¡slingers£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡those¡¡that¡¡threw¡¡stones¡¡at¡¡them£»¡¡nor¡¡was¡¡there¡¡any¡¡intermission¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡number¡¡of¡¡their¡¡offensive¡¡engines¡£¡¡Now¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡suffered¡¡greatly¡¡by¡¡these¡¡engines£»¡¡without¡¡being¡¡able¡¡to¡¡escape¡¡from¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡these¡¡engines¡¡threw¡¡their¡¡stones¡¡or¡¡javelins¡¡a¡¡great¡¡way£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡were¡¡within¡¡their¡¡reach£»¡¡they¡¡pressed¡¡hard¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡and¡¡fought¡¡desperately£»¡¡without¡¡sparing¡¡either¡¡soul¡¡or¡¡body£»¡¡one¡¡part¡¡succoring¡¡another¡¡by¡¡turns£»¡¡when¡¡it¡¡was¡¡tired¡¡down¡£

19¡£¡¡When£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡Vespasian¡¡looked¡¡upon¡¡himself¡¡as¡¡in¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡besieged¡¡by¡¡these¡¡sallies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jews£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡his¡¡banks¡¡were¡¡now¡¡not¡¡far¡¡from¡¡the¡¡walls£»¡¡he¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡make¡¡use¡¡of¡¡his¡¡battering¡¡ram¡£¡¡This¡¡battering¡¡ram¡¡is¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡beam¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡like¡¡the¡¡mast¡¡of¡¡a¡¡ship£»¡¡its¡¡forepart¡¡is¡¡armed¡¡with¡¡a¡¡thick¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡iron¡¡at¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡so¡¡carved¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡like¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡a¡¡ram£»¡¡whence¡¡its¡¡name¡¡is¡¡taken¡£¡¡This¡¡ram¡¡is¡¡slung¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡¡by¡¡ropes¡¡passing¡¡over¡¡its¡¡middle£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡hung¡¡like¡¡the¡¡balance¡¡in¡¡a¡¡pair¡¡of¡¡scales¡¡from¡¡another¡¡beam£»¡¡and¡¡braced¡¡by¡¡strong¡¡beams¡¡that¡¡pass¡¡on¡¡both¡¡sides¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cross¡£¡¡When¡¡this¡¡ram¡¡is¡¡pulled¡¡backward¡¡by¡¡a¡¡great¡¡number¡¡of¡¡men¡¡with¡¡united¡¡force£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡thrust¡¡forward¡¡by¡¡the¡¡same¡¡men£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡mighty¡¡noise£»¡¡it¡¡batters¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡with¡¡that¡¡iron¡¡part¡¡which¡¡is¡¡prominent¡£¡¡Nor¡¡is¡¡there¡¡any¡¡tower¡¡so¡¡strong£»¡¡or¡¡walls¡¡so¡¡broad£»¡¡that¡¡can¡¡resist¡¡any¡¡more¡¡than¡¡its¡¡first¡¡batteries£»¡¡but¡¡all¡¡are¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡yield¡¡to¡¡it¡¡at¡¡last¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡experiment¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡general¡¡betook¡¡himself¡¡to£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡eagerly¡¡bent¡¡upon¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡but¡¡found¡¡lying¡¡in¡¡the¡¡field¡¡so¡¡long¡¡to¡¡be¡¡to¡¡his¡¡disadvantage£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡would¡¡never¡¡let¡¡him¡¡be¡¡quiet¡£¡¡So¡¡these¡¡Romans¡¡brought¡¡the¡¡several¡¡engines¡¡for¡¡galling¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡nearer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡walls£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡might¡¡reach¡¡such¡¡as¡¡were¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡wall£»¡¡and¡¡endeavored¡¡to¡¡frustrate¡¡their¡¡attempts£»¡¡these¡¡threw¡¡stones¡¡and¡¡javelins¡¡at¡¡them£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡like¡¡manner¡¡did¡¡the¡¡archers¡¡and¡¡slingers¡¡come¡¡both¡¡together¡¡closer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wall¡£¡¡This¡¡brought¡¡matters¡¡to¡¡such¡¡a¡¡pass¡¡that¡¡none¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡durst¡¡mount¡¡the¡¡walls£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡it¡¡was¡¡that¡¡the¡¡other¡¡Romans¡¡brought¡¡the¡¡battering¡¡ram¡¡that¡¡was¡¡cased¡¡with¡¡hurdles¡¡all¡¡over£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡tipper¡¡part¡¡was¡¡secured¡¡by¡¡skins¡¡that¡¡covered¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡both¡¡for¡¡the¡¡security¡¡of¡¡themselves¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡engine¡£¡¡Now£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡very¡¡first¡¡stroke¡¡of¡¡this¡¡engine£»¡¡the¡¡wall¡¡was¡¡shaken£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡terrible¡¡clamor¡¡was¡¡raised¡¡by¡¡the¡¡people¡¡within¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡already¡¡taken¡£

20¡£¡¡And¡¡now£»¡¡when¡¡Josephus¡¡saw¡¡this¡¡ram¡¡still¡¡battering¡¡the¡¡same¡¡place£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡wall¡¡would¡¡quickly¡¡be¡¡thrown¡¡down¡¡by¡¡it£»¡¡he¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡elude¡¡for¡¡a¡¡while¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡engine¡£¡¡With¡¡this¡¡design¡¡he¡¡gave¡¡orders¡¡to¡¡fill¡¡sacks¡¡with¡¡chaff£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡hang¡¡them¡¡down¡¡before¡¡that¡¡place¡¡where¡¡they¡¡saw¡¡the¡¡ram¡¡always¡¡battering£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡stroke¡¡might¡¡be¡¡turned¡¡aside£»¡¡or¡¡that¡¡the¡¡place¡¡might¡¡feel¡¡less¡¡of¡¡the¡¡strokes¡¡by¡¡the¡¡yielding¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chaff¡£¡¡This¡¡contrivance¡¡very¡¡much¡¡delayed¡¡the¡¡attempts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡because£»¡¡let¡¡them¡¡remove¡¡their¡¡engine¡¡to¡¡what¡¡part¡¡they¡¡pleased£»¡¡those¡¡that¡¡were¡¡above¡¡it¡¡removed¡¡their¡¡sacks£»¡¡and¡¡placed¡¡them¡¡over¡¡against¡¡the¡¡strokes¡¡it¡¡made£»¡¡insomuch¡¡that¡¡the¡¡wall¡¡was¡¡no¡¡way¡¡hurt£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡by¡¡diversion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡strokes£»¡¡till¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡made¡¡an¡¡opposite¡¡contrivance¡¡of¡¡long¡¡poles£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡tying¡¡hooks¡¡at¡¡their¡¡ends£»¡¡cut¡¡off¡¡the¡¡sacks¡£¡¡Now¡¡when¡¡the¡¡battering¡¡ram¡¡thus¡¡recovered¡¡its¡¡force£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡wall¡¡having¡¡been¡¡but¡¡newly¡¡built£»¡¡was¡¡giving¡¡way£»¡¡Josephus¡¡and¡¡those¡¡about¡¡him¡¡had¡¡afterward¡¡immediate¡¡recourse¡¡to¡¡fire£»¡¡to¡¡defend¡¡themselves¡¡withal£»¡¡whereupon¡¡they¡¡took¡¡what¡¡materials¡¡soever¡¡they¡¡had¡¡that¡¡were¡¡but¡¡dry£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡a¡¡sally¡¡three¡¡ways£»¡¡and¡¡set¡¡fire¡¡to¡¡the¡¡machines£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡hurdles£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡banks¡¡of¡¡th

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