the science of right-第26节

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dethroned　monarch　merely　in　order　not　to　leave　the　crime　committed

by　the　people　unavenged；　or　to　do　away　with　it　as　a　scandal　to　all　the

states；　and　whether　they　are　therefore　justified　and　called　upon　to

restore　by　force　to　another　state　a　formerly　existing　constitution

that　has　been　removed　by　a　revolution。　The　discussion　of　this

question；　however；　does　not　belong　to　this　department　of　public　right；

but　to　the　following　section；　concerning　the　right　of　nations。



　　　　　B。　Land　Rights。　Secular　and　Church　Lands；　Rights　of　Taxation；

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Finance；　Police；　Inspection。



　　Is　the　sovereign；　viewed　as　embodying　the　legislative　power；　to　be

regarded　as　the　supreme　proprietor　of　the　soil；　or　only　as　the　highest

ruler　of　the　people　by　the　laws？　As　the　soil　is　the　supreme

condition　under　which　it　is　alone　possible　to　have　external　things

as　one's　own；　its　possible　possession　and　use　constitute　the　first

acquirable　basis　of　external　right。　Hence　it　is　that　all　such　rights

must　be　derived　from　the　sovereign　as　overlord　and　paramount

superior　of　the　soil；　or；　as　it　may　be　better　put；　as　the　supreme

proprietor　of　the　land　（dominus　territorii）。　The　people；　as　forming

the　mass　of　the　subjects；　belong　to　the　sovereign　as　a　people；　not

in　the　sense　of　his　being　their　proprietor　in　the　way　of　real　right；

but　as　their　supreme　commander　or　chief　in　the　way　of　personal

right。　This　supreme　proprietorship；　however；　is　only　an　idea　of　the

civil　constitution；　objectified　to　represent；　in　accordance　with

juridical　conceptions；　the　necessary　union　of　the　private　property

of　all　the　people　under　a　public　universal　possessor。　The　relation

is　so　represented　in　order　that　it　may　form　a　basis　for　the

determination　of　particular　rights　in　property。　It　does　not　proceed；

therefore；　upon　the　principle　of　mere　aggregation；　which　advances

empirically　from　the　parts　to　the　whole；　but　from　the　necessary　formal

principle　of　a　division　of　the　soil　according　to　conceptions　of　right。

In　accordance　with　this　principle；　the　supreme　universal　proprietor

cannot　have　any　private　property　in　any　part　of　the　soil；　for

otherwise　he　would　make　himself　a　private　person。　Private　property

in　the　soil　belongs　only　to　the　people；　taken　distributively　and　not

collectively；　from　which　condition；　however；　a　nomadic　people　must

be　excepted　as　having　no　private　property　at　all　in　the　soil。　The

supreme　proprietor　accordingly　ought　not　to　hold　private　estates；

either　for　private　use　or　for　the　support　of　the　court。　For；　as　it

would　depend　upon　his　own　pleasure　how　far　these　should　extend；　the

state　would　be　in　danger　of　seeing　all　property　in　the　land　taken　into

the　hands　of　the　government；　and　all　the　subjects　treated　as

bondsmen　of　the　soil　（glebae　adscripti）。　As　possessors　only　of　what

was　the　private　property　of　another；　they　might　thus　be　deprived　of

all　freedom　and　regarded　as　serfs　or　slaves。　Of　the　supreme　proprietor

of　the　land；　it　may　be　said　that　he　possesses　nothing　as　his　own；

except　himself；　for　if　he　possessed　things　in　the　state　alongside　of

others；　dispute　and　litigation　would　be　possible　with　these　others

regarding　those　things；　and　there　would　be　no　independent　judge　to

settle　the　cause。　But　it　may　also　be　said　that　he　possesses

everything；　for　he　has　the　supreme　right　of　sovereignty　over　the　whole

people；　to　whom　all　external　things　severally　（divisim）　belong；　and　as

such　he　assigns　distributively　to　every　one　what　is　to　be　his。

　　Hence　there　cannot　be　any　corporation　in　the　state；　nor　any　class　or

order；　that　as　proprietors　can　transmit　the　land　for　a　sole

exclusive　use　to　the　following　generations　for　all　time　（ad

infinitum）；　according　to　certain　fixed　statutes。　The　state　may　annul

and　abrogate　all　such　statutes　at　any　time；　only　under　the　condition

of　indemnifying　survivors　for　their　interests。　The　order　of　knights；

constituting　the　nobility　regarded　as　a　mere　rank　or　class　of

specially　titled　individuals；　as　well　as　the　order　of　the　clergy；

called　the　church；　are　both　subject　to　this　relation。　They　can　never

be　entitled　by　any　hereditary　privileges　with　which　they　may　be

favoured；　to　acquire　an　absolute　property　in　the　soil　transmissible　to

their　successors。　They　can　only　acquire　the　use　of　such　property　for

the　time　being。　If　public　opinion　has　ceased；　on　account　of　other

arrangements；　to　impel　the　state　to　protect　itself　from　negligence

in　the　national　defence　by　appeal　to　the　military　honour　of　the

knightly　order；　the　estates　granted　on　that　condition　may　be　recalled。

And；　in　like　manner；　the　church　lands　or　spiritualities　may　be

reclaimed　by　the　state　without　scruple；　if　public　opinion　has　ceased

to　impel　the　members　of　the　state　to　maintain　masses　for　the　souls

of　the　dead；　prayers　for　the　living；　and　a　multitude　of　clergy；　as

means　to　protect　themselves　from　eternal　fire。　But　in　both　cases；

the　condition　of　indemnifying　existing　interests　must　be　observed。

Those　who　in　this　connection　fall　under　the　movement　of　reform　are　not

entitled　to　complain　that　their　property　is　taken　from　them；　for　the

foundation　of　their　previous　possession　lay　only　in　the　opinion　of　the

people；　and　it　can　be　valid　only　so　long　as　this　opinion　lasts。　As

soon　as　this　public　opinion　in　favour　of　such　institutions　dies　out；

or　is　even　extinguished　in　the　judgement　of　those　who　have　the

greatest　claim　by　their　acknowledged　merit　to　lead　and　represent　it；

the　putative　proprietorship　in　question　must　cease；　as　if　by　a

public　appeal　made　regarding　it　to　the　state　（a　rege　male　informato　ad

regem　melius　informandum）。

　　On　this　primarily　acquired　supreme　proprietorship　in　the　land

rests　the　right　of　the　sovereign；　as　universal　proprietor　of　the

country；　to　assess　the　private　proprietors　of　the　soil；　and　to

demand　taxes；　excise；　and　dues；　or　the　performance　of　service　to　the

state　such　as　may　be　required　in　war。　But　this　is　to　be　done　so　that

it　is　actually　the　people　that　assess　themselves；　this　being　the

only　mode　of　proceeding　according　to　laws　of　right。　This　may　be

effected　through　the　medium　of　the　body　of　deputies　who　represent

the　people。　It　is　also　permissible；　in　circumstances　in　which　the

state　is　in　imminent　danger；　to　proceed　by　a　forced　loan；　as　a　right

vested　in　the　sovereign；　although　this　may　be　a　divergence　from　the

existing　law。

　　Upon　this　principle　is　also　founded　the　right　of　administering　the

national　economy；　including　the　finance　and　the　police。　The　police　has

specially　to　care　for　the　public　safety；　convenience；　and　decency。

As　regards　the　last　of　these…　the　feeling　or　negative　taste　for　public

propriety…　it　is　important　that　it　be　not　deadened　by　such

influences　as　begging；　disorderly　noises；　offensive　smells；　public

prostitution　（Venus　vulgivaga）；　or　other　offences　against　the　moral

sense；　as　it　greatly　facilitates　the　government　in　the　task　of

regulating　the　life　of　the　people　by　law。

　　For　the　preservation　of　the　state　there　further　belongs　to　it　a

right　of　inspection　（jus　inspectionis）；　which　entitles　the　public

authority　to　see　that　no　secret　society；　political　or　religious；

exists　among　the　people　that　can　exert　a　prejudicial　influence　upon

the　public　weal。　Accordingly；　when　it　is　required　by　the　police；　no

such　secret　society　may　refuse　to　lay　open　its　constitution。　But　the

visitation　and　search　of　private　houses　by　the　police　can　only　be

justified　in　a　case　of　necessity；　and　in　every　particular　instance；　it

must　be　authorized　by　a　higher　authority。



　　　　C。　Relief　of　the　Poor。　Foundling　Hospitals。　The　Church。



　　The　sovereign；　as　undertaker　of　the　duty　of　the　people；　has　the

right　to　tax　them　for　purposes　essentially　connected　with　their　own

preservation。　Such　are；　in　particular；　the　relief　of　the　poor；

foundling　asylums；　and　ecclesiastical　establishments；　otherwise

designated　charitable　or　pious　foundations。

　　1。　The　people　have　in　fact　united　themselves　by　their　common　will

into　a　society；　which　has　to　be　perpetually　maintained；　and　for　this

purpose　they　have　subjected　themselves　to　the　internal　power　of　the

state；　in　order　to　preserve　the　members　of　this　society　even　when　they

are　not　able　to　support　themselves。　By　the　fundamental　principle　of

the　state；　the　government　is　justified　and　entitled　to　compel　those

who　are　able；　to　furnish　the　means　necessary　to　preserve　those　who　are

not　themselves　capable　of　providing　for　the　most　necessary　wants　of

nature。　For　the　existence　of　persons　with　property　in　the　state

implies　their　submission　under　it　for　protection　and　the　provision

by　the　state　of　what　is　necessary　for　their　existence；　and　accordingly

the　state　founds　a　right　upon　an　obligation　on　their　part　to

contribute　of　their　means　for　the　preservation　of　their　fellow

citizens。　This　may　be　carried　out　by　taxing　the　property　or　the

commercial　industry　of　the　citizens；　or　by　establishing　funds　and

drawing　interest　from　them；　not　for　the　wants　of　the　state