the science of right-第18节

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carried　out；　and　which　can　have　place　only　in　a　commonwealth。

　　〃It　is　possible　to　acquire　by　being　instituted　or　appointed　heir

in　a　testamentary　disposition。〃　For　the　testator　Caius　promises　and

declares　in　his　last　will　to　Titius；　who　knows　nothing　of　this

promise；　to　transfer　to　him　his　estate　in　case　of　death；　but　thus

continuing　as　long　as　he　lives　sole　owner　of　it。　Now　by　a　mere

unilateral　act　of　will；　nothing　can　in　fact　be　transmitted　to

another　person；　as　in　addition　to　the　promise　of　the　one　party　there

is　required　acceptance　（acceptatio）　on　the　part　of　the　other；　and　a

simultaneous　bilateral　act　of　will　（voluntas　simultanea）　which；

however；　is　here　awanting。　So　long　as　Caius　lives；　Titius　cannot

expressly　accept　in　order　to　enter　on　acquisition；　because　Caius　has

only　promised　in　case　of　death；　otherwise　the　property　would　be　for

a　moment　at　least　in　common　possession；　which　is　not　the　will　of　the

testator。　However；　Titius　acquires　tacitly　a　special　right　to　the

inheritance　as　a　real　right。　This　is　constituted　by　the　sole　and

exclusive　right　to　accept　the　estate　（jus　in　re　jacente）；　which　is

therefore　called　at　that　point　of　time　a　haereditas　jacens。　Now　as

every　man…　because　he　must　always　gain　and　never　lose　by　it…

necessarily；　although　tacitly；　accepts　such　a　right；　and　as　Titius

after　the　death　of　Caius　is　in　this　position；　he　may　acquire　the

succession　as　heir　by　acceptance　of　the　promise。　And　the　estate　is　not

in　the　meantime　entirely　without　an　owner　（res　nullius）；　but　is　only

in　abeyance　or　vacant　（vacua）；　because　he　has　exclusively　the　right　of

choice　as　to　whether　he　will　actually　make　the　estate　bequeathed　to

him　his　own　or　not。

　　Hence　testaments　are　valid　according　to　mere　natural　right　（sunt

juris　naturae）。　This　assertion　however；　is　to　be　understood　in　the

sense　that　they　are　capable　and　worthy　of　being　introduced　and

sanctioned　in　the　civil　state；　whenever　it　is　instituted。　For　it　is

only　the　common　will　in　the　civil　state　that　maintains　the

possession　of　the　inheritance　or　succession；　while　it　hangs　between

acceptance　or　rejection　and　specially　belongs　to　no　particular

individual。



　　　　　　　　35。　III。　The　Continuing　Right　of　a　Good　Name

　　　　　　　　　　　　after　Death。　（Bona　fama　Defuncti）。



　　It　would　be　absurd　to　think　that　a　dead　person　could　possess

anything　after　his　death；　when　he　no　longer　exists　in　the　eye　of　the

law；　if　the　matter　in　question　were　a　mere　thing。　But　a　good　name　is　a

congenital　and　external；　although　merely　ideal；　possession；　which

attaches　inseparably　to　the　individual　as　a　person。　Now　we　can　and

must　abstract　here　from　all　consideration　as　to　whether　the　persons

cease　to　be　after　death　or　still　continue　as　such　to　exist；　because；

in　considering　their　juridical　relation　to　others；　we　regard　persons

merely　according　to　their　humanity　and　as　rational　beings　（homo

noumenon）。　Hence　any　attempt　to　bring　the　reputation　or　good　name　of　a

person　into　evil　and　false　repute　after　death；　is　always　questionable；

even　although　a　well…founded　charge　may　be　allowed…　for　to　that　extent

the　brocard　〃De　mortuis　nil　nisi　bene〃*　is　wrong。　Yet　to　spread

charges　against　one　who　is　absent　and　cannot　defend　himself；　shows

at　least　a　want　of　magnanimity。



　　*＇Let　nothing　be　said　of　the　dead　but　what　is　favourable。＇



　　By　a　blameless　life　and　a　death　that　worthily　ends　it；　nothing

ends　it；　it　is　admitted　that　a　man　may　acquire　a　（negatively）　good

reputation　constituting　something　that　is　his　own；　even　when　he　no

longer　exists　in　the　world　of　sense　as　a　visible　person　（homo

phaenomenon）。　It　is　further　held　that　his　survivors　and　successors…

whether　relatives　or　strangers…　are　entitled　to　defend　his　good　name

as　a　matter　of　right；　on　the　ground　that　unproved　accusations

subject　them　all　to　the　danger　of　similar　treatment　after　death。　Now

that　a　man　when　dead　can　yet　acquire　such　a　right　is　a　peculiar　and；

nevertheless；　an　undeniable　manifestation　in　fact；　of　the　a　priori

law…giving　reason　thus　extending　its　law　of　command　or　prohibition

beyond　the　limits　of　the　present　life。　If　some　one　then　spreads　a

charge　regarding　a　dead　person　that　would　have　dishonoured　him　when

living；　or　even　made　him　despicable；　any　one　who　can　adduce　a　proof

that　this　accusation　is　intentionally　false　and　untrue　may　publicly

declare　him　who　thus　brings　the　dead　person　into　ill　repute　to　be　a

calumniator；　and　affix　dishonour　to　him　in　turn。　This　would　not　be

allowable　unless　it　were　legitimate　to　assume　that　the　dead　person　was

injured　by　the　accusation；　although　he　is　dead；　and　that　a　certain

just　satisfaction　was　done　to　him　by　an　apology；　although　he　no　longer

sensibly　exists。　A　title　to　act　the　part　the　vindicator　of　the　dead

person　does　not　require　to　be　established；　for　every　one　necessarily

claims　this　of　himself；　not　merely　as　a　duty　of　virtue　regarded

ethically；　but　as　a　right　belonging　to　him　in　virtue　of　his

humanity。　Nor　does　the　vindicator　require　to　show　any　special　personal

damage；　accruing　to　him　as　a　friend　or　relative；　from　a　stain　on　the

character　of　the　deceased；　to　justify　him　in　proceeding　to　censure　it。

That　such　a　form　of　ideal　acquisition；　and　even　a　right　in　an

individual　after　death　against　survivors；　is　thus　actually　founded；

cannot；　therefore；　be　disputed；　although　the　possibility　of　such　a

right　is　not　capable　of　logical　deduction。



　　There　is　no　ground　for　drawing　visionary　inferences　from　what　has

just　been　stated；　to　the　presentiment　of　a　future　life　and　invisible

relations　to　departed　souls。　For　the　considerations　connected　with

this　right　turn　on　nothing　more　than　the　purely　moral　and　juridical

relation　which　subsists　among　men；　even　in　the　present　life；　as

rational　beings。　Abstraction　is；　however；　made　from　all　that　belongs

physically　to　their　existence　in　space　and　time；　that　is；　men　are

considered　logically　apart　from　these　physical　concomitants　of　their

nature；　not　as　to　their　state　when　actually　deprived　of　them；　but　only

in　so　far　as　being　spirits　they　are　in　a　condition　that　might

realize　the　injury　done　them　by　calumniators。　Any　one　who　may

falsely　say　something　against　me　a　hundred　years　hence　injures　me　even

now。　For　in　the　pure　juridical　relation；　which　is　entirely　rational

and　surprasensible；　abstraction　is　made　from　the　physical　conditions

of　time；　and　the　calumniator　is　as　culpable　as　if　he　had　committed　the

offence　in　my　lifetime；　only　this　will　not　be　tried　by　a　criminal

process；　but　he　will　only　be　punished　with　that　loss　of　honour　he

would　have　caused　to　another；　and　this　is　inflicted　upon　him　by　public

opinion　according　to　the　lex　talionis。　Even　a　plagiarism　from　a　dead

author；　although　it　does　not　tarnish　the　honour　of　the　deceased；　but

only　deprives　him　of　a　part　of　his　property；　is　yet　properly

regarded　as　a　lesion　of　his　human　right。

CH3

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　FIRST　PART。　PRIVATE　RIGHT。

　　The　System　of　those　Laws　Which　Require　No　External　Promulgation。

　　　　　　CHAPTER　III。　Acquisition　Conditioned　by　the　Sentence　of

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　a　Public　Judicatory。



　　　　　36。　How　and　What　Acquisition　is　Subjectively　Conditioned

　　　　　　　　　　　　by　the　Principle　of　a　Public　Court。



　　Natural　right；　understood　simply　as　that　right　which　is　not

statutory；　and　which　is　knowable　purely　a　priori；　by　every　man's

reason；　will　include　distributive　justice　as　well　as　commutative

justice。　It　is　manifest　that　the　latter；　as　constituting　the　justice

that　is　valid　between　persons　in　their　reciprocal　relations　of

intercourse　with　one　another；　must　belong　to　natural　right。　But　this

holds　also　of　distributive　justice；　in　so　far　as　it　can　be　known　a

priori；　and　decisions　or　sentences　regarding　it　must　be　regulated　by

the　law　of　natural　right。

　　The　moral　person　who　presides　in　the　sphere　of　justice　and

administers　it　is　called　the　Court　of　justice；　and；　as　engaged　in

the　process　of　official　duty；　the　judicatory；　the　sentence　delivered

in　a　case；　is　the　judgement　（judicium）。　All　this　is　to　be　here

viewed　a　priori；　according　to　the　rational　conditions　of　right；

without　taking　into　consideration　how　such　a　constitution　is　to　be

actually　established　or　organized；　for　which　particular　statutes；

and　consequently　empirical　principles；　are　requisite。

　　The　question；　then；　in　this　connection；　is　not　merely　〃What　is　right

in　itself？〃　in　the　sense　in　which　every　man　must　determine　it　by　the

judgement　of　reason；　but　〃What　is　right　as　applied　to　this　case？〃　that

is；　〃What　is　right　and　just　as　viewed　by　a　court？〃　The　rational　and

the　judicial　points　of　view　are　therefore　to　be　distinguished；　and

there　are　four　cases　in　which　the　two　forms　of　judgement　have　a

different　and　opposite　issue。　And　yet　they　may　co…exist　with　each

other；　because　they　are　delivered　from　two　different；　yet　respectively

true；　points　of　view：　the　one　from　regard　to　private　right；　the

other　from　the　idea　of　public　right。　They　are：　I。　The　contract