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slaves from Algiers; Tunis; and Tetuan; added to its motley variety 



of words from the relics of the broken Arabic and Turkish; which 



they had acquired during their captivity。  The greater part of the 



Germania; however; remained strictly metaphorical; and we are aware 



of no better means of conveying an idea of the principle on which 



it is formed; than by quoting from the first romance of Hidalgo; 



where particular mention is made of this jargon:…











'A la cama llama Blanda



Donde Sornan en poblado



A la Fresada Vellosa;



Que mucho vello ha criado。



Dice a la sabana Alba



Porque es alba en sumo grado;



A la camisa Carona;



Al jubon llama apretado:



Dice al Sayo Tapador



Porque le lleva tapado。



Llama a los zapatos Duros;



Que las piedras van pisando。



A la capa llama nuve;



Dice al Sombrero Texado。



Respeto llama a la Espada;



Que por ella es respetado;' etc。 etc。







HIDALGO; p。 22…3。











After these few remarks on the ancient Germania of Spain; we now 



proceed to the modern; which differs considerably from the former。  



The principal cause of this difference is to be attributed to the 



adoption by the Spanish outlaws; in latter years; of a considerable 



number of words belonging to; or modified from; the Rommany; or 



language of the Gitanos。  The Gitanos of Spain; during the last 



half…century; having; in a great degree; abandoned the wandering 



habit of life which once constituted one of their most remarkable 



peculiarities; and residing; at present; more in the cities than in 



the fields; have come into closer contact with the great body of 



the Spanish nation than was in former days their practice。  From 



their living thus in towns; their language has not only undergone 



much corruption; but has become; to a slight degree; known to the 



dregs of society; amongst whom they reside。  The thieves' dialect 



of the present day exhibits; therefore; less of the allegorical 



language preserved in the pages of Hidalgo than of the Gypsy 



tongue。  It must be remarked; however; that it is very scanty; and 



that the whole robber phraseology at present used in Spain barely 



amounts to two hundred words; which are utterly insufficient to 



express the very limited ideas of the outcasts who avail themselves 



of it。







Concerning the Germania of France; or 'Argot;' as it is called; it 



is unnecessary to make many observations; as what has been said of 



the language of Hidalgo and the Red Italian is almost in every 



respect applicable to it。  As early as the middle of the sixteenth 



century a vocabulary of this jargon was published under the title 



of LANGUE DES ESCROCS; at Paris。  Those who wish to study it as it 



at present exists can do no better than consult LES MEMOIRES DE 



VIDOCQ; where a multitude of words in Argot are to be found; and 



also several songs; the subjects of which are thievish adventures。







The first vocabulary of the 'Cant Language;' or English Germania; 



appeared in the year 1680; appended to the life of THE ENGLISH 



ROGUE; a work which; in many respects; resembles the HISTORY OF 



GUZMAN D'ALFARACHE; though it is written with considerably more 



genius than the Spanish novel; every chapter abounding with 



remarkable adventures of the robber whose life it pretends to 



narrate; and which are described with a kind of ferocious energy; 



which; if it do not charm the attention of the reader; at least 



enslaves it; holding it captive with a chain of iron。  Amongst his 



other adventures; the hero falls in with a Gypsy encampment; is 



enrolled amongst the fraternity; and is allotted a 'mort;' or 



concubine; a barbarous festival ensues; at the conclusion of which 



an epithalamium is sung in the Gypsy language; as it is called in 



the work in question。  Neither the epithalamium; however; nor the 



vocabulary; are written in the language of the English Gypsies; but 



in the 'Cant;' or allegorical robber dialect; which is sufficient 



proof that the writer; however well acquainted with thieves in 



general; their customs and manners of life; was in respect to the 



Gypsies profoundly ignorant。  His vocabulary; however; has been 



always accepted as the speech of the English Gypsies; whereas it is 



at most entitled to be considered as the peculiar speech of the 



thieves and vagabonds of his time。  The cant of the present day; 



which; though it differs in some respects from the vocabulary 



already mentioned; is radically the same; is used not only by the 



thieves in town and country; but by the jockeys of the racecourse 



and the pugilists of the 'ring。' As a specimen of the cant of 



England; we shall take the liberty of quoting the epithalamium to 



which we have above alluded:…











'Bing out; bien morts; and tour and tour



Bing out; bien morts and tour;



For all your duds are bing'd awast;



The bien cove hath the loure。 (78)







'I met a dell; I viewed her well;



She was benship to my watch:



So she and I did stall and cloy



Whatever we could catch。







'This doxy dell can cut ben whids;



And wap well for a win;



And prig and cloy so benshiply;



All daisy…ville within。







'The hoyle was up; we had good luck;



In frost for and in snow;



Men they did seek; then we did creep



And plant the roughman's low。'











It is scarcely necessary to say anything more upon the Germania in 



general or in particular; we believe that we have achieved the task 



which we marked out for ourselves; and have conveyed to our readers 



a clear and distinct idea of what it is。  We have shown that it has 



been erroneously confounded with the Rommany; or Gitano language; 



with which it has nevertheless some points of similarity。  The two 



languages are; at the present day; used for the same purpose; 



namely; to enable habitual breakers of the law to carry on their 



consultations with more secrecy and privacy than by the ordinary 



means。  Yet it must not be forgotten that the thieves' jargon was 



invented for that purpose; whilst the Rommany; originally the 



proper and only speech of a particular nation; has been preserved 



from falling into entire disuse and oblivion; because adapted to 



answer the same end。  It was impossible to treat of the Rommany in 



a manner calculated to exhaust the subject; and to leave no ground 



for future cavilling; without devoting a considerable space to the 



consideration of the robber dialect; on which account we hope we 



shall be excused many of the dry details which we have introduced 



into the present essay。  There is a link of connection between the 



history of the Roma; or wanderers from Hindustan; who first made 



their appearance in Europe at the commencement of the fifteenth 



century; and that of modern roguery。  Many of the arts which the 



Gypsies proudly call their own; and which were perhaps at one 



period peculiar to them; have become divulged; and are now 



practised by the thievish gentry who infest the various European 



states; a result which; we may assert with confidence; was brought 



about by the alliance of the Gypsies being eagerly sought on their 



first arrival by the thieves; who; at one period; were less skilful 



than the former in the ways of deceit and plunder; which kind of 



association continued and held good until the thieves had acquired 



all they wished to learn; when they left the Gypsies in the fields 



and plains; so dear to them from their vagabond and nomad habits; 



and returned to the towns and cities。  Yet from this temporary 



association were produced two results; European fraud became 



sharpened by coming into contact with Asiatic craft; whilst 



European tongues; by imperceptible degrees; became recruited with 



various words (some of them wonderfully expressive); many of which 



have long been stumbling…stocks to the philologist; who; whilst 



stigmatising them as words of mere vulgar invention; or of unknown 



origin; has been far from dreaming that by a little more research 



he might have traced them to the Sclavonic; Persian; or Romaic; or 



perhaps to the mysterious object of his veneration; the Sanscrit; 



the sacred tongue of the palm…covered regions of Ind; words 



originally introduced into Europe by objects too miserable to 



occupy for a moment his lettered attention … the despised denizens 



of the tents of Roma。











ON THE TERM 'BUSNO'











Those who have done me the honour to peruse this strange wandering 



book of mine; must frequently have noticed the word 'Busno;' a term 



bestowed by the Spanish Gypsy on his good friend the Spaniard。  As 



the present will probably be the last occasion which I shall have 



to speak of the Gitanos or anyt

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