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ex sua duricia mendicare coguntur。 Et unde queruntur quod; cum teneant tenementa Sua per certas consuetudines et certa servicia; et cum percipere consueverunt boscum ad focum et materiam de bosco crescente in propriis terris suis; predictus Ricardus ipsos non permittit aliquid in boscis suis capere et eciam capit aueria sua et non permittit eos terram suam colere。  Ricardus dicit; quod non debet eis ad aliquam accionen respondere nisi questi essent de vita vel membris vel de iniuria facta corpori suo。 Dicit eciam quod nativi sui sunt; et quod omnes antecessores sui nativi fuerunt antecessorum suorum et in villenagio suo manentes。'

2。 Note…book of Bracton; pl。 1237: 'dominus Rex non vult se de eis intromittere。'

3。 It occurs in the oldest extant Plea Roll; 6 Ric。 I; Rot。 Cur。 Regis; ed。 Palgrave; p。 84: 'Thomas venit et dicit quod ipsa fuit uxorata cuidam Turkillo; qui habuit duos filios qui clamabant libertatem tenementi sui in curia domini Regis。。。 et quod ibi dirationavit eos esse villanos suos; et non defendit disseisinam。。。 Et ipsi Elilda et Ricardus defendunt vilenagium et ponunt se super juratam;' etc。

1。 Maitland; Select Pleas of the Crown (Selden Soc。 I); pl。 3: 'Quendam nativum suum quem habuit in vinculis eo quod voluit fugere。' Bract。 Notebook; pl。 1041: 'Petrus de Herefordia attachiatus fuit ad respondendum R。 fil。 Th。 quare ipse cepit Ricardum et eum imprisonauit et coegit ad redempcionem I marce。 Et Petrus venit alias et defendit capcionem et imprisonacionem set dicit quod villanus fuit;' etc。      It must be noted; however; that in such cases it was difficult to draw the line as to the amount of bodily injury allowed by the law; and therefore the King's courts were much more free to interfere。 In the trial quoted on p。 45; note 2; the defendants distinguish carefully between the accusation and the civil suit。 They plead 'not guilty' as to the former。 And so Bishop Stubbs' conjecture as to the 'rusticus verberatus' in Pipe Roll; 31 Henry I; p。 55 (Constit。 Hist。 I。 487); seems quite appropriate。 The case is a very early one; and may testify to the better condition of the peasantry in the first half of the twelfth century。

2。 As to the actual treatment experienced by the peasants at the hands of their feudal masters; see a picturesque case in Maitland's Select Pleas of the Crown (Selden Soc。); 203。

1。 Stubbs; Constitutional History; ii。 652; 654; Freeman; Norman Conquest; v。 477; Digby; Introduction to the Law of Real Property; 244。

1。 Sir Thomas Smith; The Commonwealth of England; ed。 1609; p。 123; shows that the notion of two classes corresponding to the Roman servus and the Roman adscriptus glebae had taken root firmly about the middle of the sixteenth century。 'Villeins in gross; as ye would say immediately bond to the person and his heirs。。。 (The adscripti) were not bond to the person but to the mannor or place; and did follow him who had the mannors; and in our law are called villains regardants (sic); for because they be as members or belonging to the mannor or place。 Neither of the one sort nor of the other have we any number in England。 And of the first I never knew any in the Realme in my time。 Of the second so fewe there bee; that it is not almost worth the speaking; but our law doth acknowledge them in both these sorts。'

1。 Section 182 is not quite consistent with such an exposition; but I do not think there can be any doubt as to the general doctrine。

2。 I need not say that the work done by Mr Horwood; and especially by Mr Pike; for the Rolls' Series quite fulfil the requirements of students。 But in comparison with it the old year Books in Rastall's; and even more so in Maynard's edition; appear only the more wretchedly misprinted。

1。 For instance; Liber Assisarum; ann。 44; pl。 4 (f 283): 'Quil fuit son villein et il seisi de luy come de son villein come regardant a son maneir de B。 en la Counte de Dorset。'

1。 Y。B。 Hil。 5 Edw。 II: 'Iohan de Rose port son 'ne' vexes vers Labbe de Seint Bennet de Holme; et il counta qil luy travaille; etc。; e luy demande。' Migg。: 'defent tort et force; ou et quant il devera et dit qil fuist le vilein Labbe; per qi il ne deveroit estre resceve。' Devom。: 'il covient qe vous disez plus qe vous estes seisi; ut supra;' etc。 Migg。: ' il est nostre vileyn; et nous seisi de luy come de nostre vileyn。' Ber。; 'Coment seisi come;' etc。? Migg。: 'de luy et de ces auncestres come de nos vileynes; en fesant de luy nostre provost en prenant de luy rechate de char et de saunk et redemption pur fille et fitz marier de luy et de ces auncestres et a tailler haut et bas a nostre volente; prest;' etc。 (Les reports des cases del Roy Edward le II; London; 1678; f 157。)

2。 I do not think it ever came into any one's mind to look at the Plea Rolls in this matter。 Even Hargrave; when preparing his famous argument in Somersett's case; carried his search no further than the Year Books then in print。 And in consequence he just missed the true solution。 He says (Howell's State Trials; xx。 42; 43); 'As to the villeins in gross the cases relative to them are very few; and I am inclined to think that there never was any great number of them in England。。。。 However; after a long search; I do find places in the Year Books where the form of alledging villenage in gross is expressed; not in full terms; but in a general way; and in all the cases I have yet seen; the villenage is alledged in the ancestors of the person against whom it was pleaded。' And he quotes 1 Edw。 II; 4; 5 Edw。 II; 157 (corr。 for 15); 7 Edw。 II; 242; and 11 Edw。 II; 344。 But all these cases are of Edward II's time; and instead of being exceptional give the normal form of pleading as it was used up to the second quarter of the fourteenth century。 They looked exceptional to Hargrave only because he restricted his search to the later Year Books; and did not take up the Plea Rolls。 By admitting the cases quoted to indicate villainage in gross; he in fact admitted that there were only villains in gross before 1350 or thereabouts; or rather that all villains were alike before this time; and no such thing as the difference between in gross and regardant existed。 I give in App。 I the report of the interesting case quoted from I Edw。 II。

3。 Y。 B。 32 /33 Edw。 I (Horwood); p。 57: 'Quant un home est seisi de son vilein; issl。 qil est reseant dans son vilenage。' Fitzherbert; Abr。 Vill。 3 (39 Edw。 III): '。。。 villeins sunt appendant as maners qe sount auncien demesne。' On the other hand; 'regardant' is used quite independently of villainage。 Y。 B。 12/13 Edw。 III (Pike); p。 133: 'come services regardaunts al manoir de H。'

1。 Y。B。 Hil。 14 Edw。 II; f 417: 'R。 est bailli。。。 del manoir de Clifton。。。 deins quel manoir cesti J。 est villein。'

2。 See App。 I and II。

3。 Y。B。 Trin。 9 Edw。 II; f 294: 'Le manoir de H。 fuit en ascun temps en la seisine Hubert nostre ael; a quel manoir cest vileyn est regardant。'

1。 Y。B。 Trin。 29 Edw。 III; f。 41。 For the report of this case and the corresponding entry in the Common Pleas Roll; see Appendix II。

1。 Cf。 Annals of Dunstaple; Ann。 Mon。 Iii。 371: 'Quia astrarius eius fuit;' in the sense of a person living on one's land。

2。 Bracton; f。 267; b。

3。 Bract。 Note…book; pl。 230; 951; 988。 Cf。 Spelman; Gloss。 v。 astrarius Kentish Custumal; Statutes of the Realm; i。 224。 Fleta has it once in the sense of the Anglo…Saxon heord…faest; i。 cap。 47; 10 (f。 62)。

1。 Bracton; f。 190。



Chapter 2

Rights and Disabilities of the Villain

    Legal theory as we have seen endeavoured to bring the general conception of villainage under the principles of the Roman law of slavery; and important features in the practice of the common law went far to support it in so doing。 On the other hand; even the general legal theory discloses the presence of an element quite foreign to the Roman conception。 If we proceed from principles to their application in detail; we at once find; that in most cases the broad rules laid down on the subject do not fit all the particular aspects of villainage。 These require quite different assumptions for their explanation; and the whole doctrine turns out to be very complex; and to have been put together out of elements which do not work well together。     We meet discrepancies and confusion at the very threshold in the treatment of the modes in which the villain status has its origin。 The most common way of becoming a villain was to be born to this estate; and it seems that we ought to find very definite rules as to this case。 In truth; the doctrine was changing。 Glanville (v。 6) tried in a way to conform to the Roman rule of the child following the condition of the mother; but it could not be made to work in England; and ever since Bracton; both common law and jurisprudence reject it。 At the close of the Middle Ages it was held that if born in wedlock the child took after his father;* and that a bastard was to be accepted as filius nullius and presumed free。* Bracton is more intricate; the bastard follows the mother; the legitimate child follows the father; and there is one exception; in this way; that the legitimate child of a free man and a nief born in villainage takes after the mother。* It is not difficult to see why the Roman rule did not fit; it was too plain fo

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