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第22节

vill2-第22节

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nem manerii et ville。' A。 r。 r。 Edw。 xxiii; m。 8; v: 'Nicholaus de Aula reddit sursum unam dimidiam acram terre ad opus Willelmi ad portam de Broucton。。。。 Et preceptum preposito respondere de exitibus eiusdem terre quia est extraneus。。。 Johannes Arnold reddit sursum duas rodas terre ad opus Hugonis Palmeri。。。 Et preceptum est quod ponatur in seysinam; quia est de sanguine de Riptone Regis。'

98。 Court Rolls of King's Ripton; Augment。 Off。 xxiii。 94; m。 15: 'Curia de Kingsripton tenta die Jovis proxima post translacionem St Benedicti anno r。 r。 E。 xxix et dom。 Joh。 'abb。 xv。 Venit' Willelmus fil。 Thome Unfroy de Kingesripton et reddidit sursum in manibus senescalli totum jus quod 'habuit' in illis tribus acris terre in campis de Kingesriptone quondam Willelmi capellani de eadem 'villa ad opus filiorum' Rogeri de Kellawe extranei legitime procreatorum de Katerina filia Thome prepositi que est de con'dicione sokemannorum?' bondorum de Kingesripton。。。。 Rogerus de Kellawe extraneus qui se maritauit cuidam Katerine filie Thome prepositi de Kingesripton que est de nacione et condicione eiusdem ville venit et petiit in curia nomine filiorum suorum ex legitimo matrimonio exeuntium de corpore prefate Katerine illas vi acras terre。。。。 (Juratores dicunt) quod nichil inde sciunt nec aliquid super isto articulo presentare volunt ad presens。 Et sic infecto negocio maximo contemptu domini et balliuorum suorum extra curiam recesserunt。 Et ideo preceptum est balliuis quod die in。。。 faciant de eisdem juratis xl solidos ad opus domini。'

99。 Stoneleigh Reg。; 30 (Edward II injunction): 'Et quidam forinseci qui sokemanni non sunt auctoritate Sua propria et per negligenciam dicti Abbatis et conuentus; ut dicitur; a quibusdam sokemannorum illorum quasdam terras et tenementa alienaverunt。 Nos igitur super premissis plenius certiorari uolentes assignavimus vos una cum his; quos vobis associaveritis; ad inquirendum qui sokemanni huiusmodi terras et tenementa ibidem alienauerunt huiusmodi forinsecis aut extrinsecis et quibus;' etc。 Cf the Statute of I Richard II; Stat。 I。 cap。 6。 It was altogether a dangerous transaction for the socmen; because they were risking their privileges thereby。 It must have been lucrative。

100。 Placitorum Abbrev。; p。 270 (Coram Rege; Mich。 7/8 Edw。 I): 'Et eciam comperto in libro de Domesday quod non fit aliqua mencio de sokemannis set tantummodo de villanis et servis et eciam comperto per inquisicionem quod multi eorum sunt adventicii quibus tenementa sua tradita fuerunt ad voluntatem dominorum suorum。。。 consideraverunt quod predictus Galfridus eat inde sine die et quod predicti homines teneant tenementa predicta in predicto manerio per servilia servicia si voluerint; salvo statu corporum suorum; et quod de cetero non possunt clamare aliquod certum statum et sint in misericordia pro falso clameo。'

101。 Bract。 Note…book; pl。 1227。

102。 Bracton; f。 7。

103。 Dialogus de Scaccario; i。 10: 'Post regni conquisitionem; post justam rebellium subversionem; cum rex ipse regisque proceres loca nova perlustrarent; facta est inquisitio diligens; qui fuerint qui contra regem in bello dimicantes per fugam Se salvaverint。 His omnibus et item haeredibus eorum qui in bello occubuerunt; spes omnis terrarum et fundorum atque redituum; quos ante possederant; praeclusa est; magnum namque reputabant frui vitae beneficio sub inimicis。 Verum qui vocati ad bellum nec dum convenerant; vel familiaribus vel quibuslibet necessariis occupati negotiis non interfuerant; cum tractu temporis devotis obsequiis gratiam dominorum possedissent; sine spe successionis; sibi tantum pro voluptate (voluntate?) tamen dominorum possidere coeperunt。 Succedente vero tempore cum dominis suis odiosi passim a possessionibus pellerentur; nec esset qui ablata restitueret; communis indigenarum ad regem pervenit querimonia; quasi sic omnibus exosi et rebus spoliati ad alienigenas transire cogerentur。 Communicato tandem super his consilio; decretum est; ut quod a dominis suis exigentibus meritis interveniente pactione legitima poterant obtinere; illis inviolabili jure concederentur; ceterum autem nomine successionis a temporibus subactae gentis nihil sibi vendicarent。'

104。 Stoneleigh Reg。; 4 a: 'Que quidem maneria existencia in possessione et manu domini regis Edwardi per universum regnum vocantur antiquumn dominicum corone regis Anglie prout in libro de Domesdav continetur。'

105。 'Loquebantur de tempore Sti Edwardi Regis coram W。 de Wilton。'

106。 The men of King's Ripton。

107。 I do not think there is any ground for the suggestion thrown out by M。 Kovalevsky in the Law Quarterly; iv。 p。 271; namely; that the law of ancient demesne was imported from Normandy。 Whatever the position of the villains was in the Duchy; Norman influence in England made for subjection; because it was the influence of conquest。 It must be remembered that in a sense the feudal law of England was the hardest of all in Western Europe; and this on account of the invasion。

108。 Stubbs; Const。 Hist。 I。 454: 'In those estates; which; when they had been held by the crown since the reign of Edward the Confessor; bore the title of manors in ancient demesne; very much of the ancient popular process had been preserved without any change; and to the present day some customs are maintained in them which recall the most primitive institutions。' I shall have to speak about the mode of holding the courts in another chapter。

Chapter 4

Legal Aspect of Villainage。 Conclusions

    I have been trying to make out what the theories of the lawyers were with regard to villainage in its divers ramifications。 Were we to consider this legal part of the subject merely as a sort of crust superposed artificially over the reality of social facts; we should have to break through the crust in order to get at the reality。 But; of course; the law regulating social conditions is not merely an external superstructure; but as to social facts is both an influence and a consequence。 In one sense it is a most valuable product of the forces at play in the history of society; most valuable just by reason of the requirements of its formalism and of those theoretical tendencies which give a very definite even if a somewhat distorted shape to the social processes which come within its sphere of action。     The formal character of legal theory is not only important because it puts things into order and shape; it suggests a peculiar and efficient method of treating the historical questions connected with law。 The legal intellect is by its calling and nature always engaged in analysing complex cases into constitutive elements; and bringing these elements under the direction of principles。 It is constantly struggling with the confusing variety of life; and from the historian's point of view it is most interesting when it succumbs in the struggle。 There is no law; however subtle and comprehensive; which does not exhibit on its logical surface seams and scars; testifying to the incomplete fusing together of doctrines that cannot be brought under the cover of one principle。 And so a dialectic examination of legal forms which makes manifest the contradictions and confused notions they contain actually helps us to an insight into the historical stratification of ideas and facts; a stratification which cannot be abolished however much lawyers may crave for unity and logic。     In the particular case under discussion medieval law is especially rich in such historical clues。 The law writers are trying hard to give a construction of villainage on the basis of the Roman doctrine of slavery; but their fabric gives way at every point。 It would be hardly a fair description to say that we find many survivals of an older state of things and many indications of a new development。 Everything seems in a state of vacillation and fermentation during the thirteenth century。 As to the origin of the servile status the law of bastards gets inverted; in the case of matrimony the father…rule is driving the mother…rule from the ground; the influence of prescription is admitted by some lawyers and rejected by others。 As to the means whereby persons may issue out of that condition; the views of Glanville and Bracton are diametrically opposed; and there are still traces in practice of the notion that a villain cannot buy his freedom and that he cannot be manumitted by the lord himself in regard to third persons。 In their treatment of services in their reference to status the courts apply the two different tests of certainty and of kind。 In their treatment of tenure they still hesitate between a complete denial of protection to villainage and the recognition of it as a mode of holding which is protected by legal remedies。 And even when the chief lines are definitely drawn they only disclose fundamental contradictions in all their crudeness。     In civil law; villains are disabled against their lords but evenly watched against strangers; even against a lord legal protection is lingering in the form of an action upon covenant and in the notion that the villain's wainage should be secure。 In criminal and in police law villains are treated substantially as free persons: they have even a share; although a subordinate one; in the organisation of justice。 The procedur

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