vill2-第11节
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cilicet quod villanus libere teneat et quiete et per liberum servitium; sibi et haeredibus suis。 Si autem hoc solum dicatur; quod teneat per liberum servitium 'sibi et heredibus suis'; si ejectus fuerit a quocunque non recuperet per assisam noue disseisine; ut liberum tenementum; quia domino competit assisa et non villano。 Si tamen dominus ipsum ejecerit; quaeritur; an contra dominum agere possit de conventione; cum prima facie non habet personam standi in judicio ad hoc; quod dominus teneat ei conventionem; videtur quod sic; propter factum domini sui; ut si agat de conventione; et dominus excipiat de servitute; replicare poterit de facto domini sui; sicut supra dicitur de feoffamento。 Nec debent jura juvare dominum contra voluntatem suam; quia semel voluit conventionem; et quamvis damnum sentiat; non tamen fit ei injuria et ex quo prudenter et scienter contraxit cum servo suo; tacite renunciavit exceptionem villenagii。'
30。 The freehold would be given and still; non recuperet per assisam no。 diss。 quia domino competit assisa et non villano。'
31。 See my article; 'The Text of Bracton;' in the Law Quarterly Review; i。 189; et sqq。; and Maitland; Introduction to the Note…book of Bracton; 26 sqq。
32。 The Cambridge MSS。 have been inspected for me by Mr Maitland。
33。 Comp。 Bracton; f 194 b: 'Quia ex quo mentionem fecit de heredibus praesumitur vehementer; quod dominus voluit servum esse liberum quod quidem non esset; si de heredibus mentionem nonfecerit。'
34。 Bracton; f 208 b: 'Est etiam villenagium non ita purum; sive concedatur libero homini vel villano ex conventione tenendum pro certis servitiis et consuetudinibus nominatis et expressis; quamvis servitia et consuetudines sunt villanae。 Et unde si liber ejectus fuerit vel villanus manumissus vel alienatus (corr。 alienus best MSS。) recuperare non poterunt ut liberum tenementum; cum sit villenagium et cadit assisa; vertitur tamen in juratam ad inquirendum de conventione propter voluntatem dimittentis et consensum; quia si quaerentes in tali casu recuperarint villenagium; non erit propter hoc domino lnjuriatum propter ipsius voluntatem et consensum; et contra voluntatem suam jura ei non subveniunt; quia si dominus potest villanum manumittere et feoffare multo fortius poterit ri quandam conventionem facere; et quia si potest id quod plus est; potest multo fortius id quod minus est。' We have here another difficulty with the text。 The wording is so closely allied to the passage on 24 b。 just quoted; and the last sentences seem to indicate so clearly that the case of a privileged villain is here opposed to manumission and feoffment; that the 'villanus manumissus vel alienus' looks quite out of place。 Is it a later gloss? Even if it is retained; however; the passage points to a very material limitation of the lord's power。 The holding in question can certainly not be described as being held 'at will'。 To me the words in question look like a gloss or an addition; although very probably they were inserted early; perhaps by Bracton himself; who found it difficult to maintain consistently a villain's contractual rights against the lord。 Another solution of the difficulty is suggested to me by Sir Frederick Pollock。 He thinks 'villanus manumissus vel alienus; correct; and lays stress On the fact; that personal condition does not matter in this case: that even though the tenant be free or quoad that lord as good as free; the assize lies not and there shall only be an action on the covenant。 If we accept this explanation which saves the words under suspicion; we shall have to face another difficulty: the text would turn from villanus (suus) to villanus alienus and back to villanus (suus) without any intimation that the subject under discussion had been altered。
35。 The later practice is well known。 Any agreement with a bondman led to a forfeiture of the lord's rights。 It may be seen at a glance that such could not have been the original doctrine。 Otherwise why should the old books lay such stress on the mention of heirs?
36。 Besides the case from the Note…book which I discuss in the text; Bracton; f 199; is in point: 'Item esto quod villanus teneat per liberum servitium sibi tantum; nulla facta mentione de heredibus; si cum ejectus fuerit proferat assisam; et cum objecta fuerit exceptio villenagii; replicet quod libere teneat et petat assisam; non valebit replicatio; ex quo nulla mentio facta est de heredibus; quia liberum tenementum in hoc casu non mutat statum; si fuerit sub potestate domini constitutus。 Ut in eodem itinere (in ultimo itinere Martini de Pateshull) in comitatu Essex; assisa noue disseisine; si Radulphus de Goggenhal。' The villain fails in his assize and there has been no manumission; still it seems admitted that in this case the villain has acquired liberum tenementum by the lord's act。 How can this be except on the supposition that there is a covenant enforceable by the villain against the lord?
37。 Bract。 Note…book; pl。 1814: 'Nota quod filius villani recuperat per assisam noUe disseisine terram quam pater suus tenuit in villenagio quia dominus villani illam dedit filio suo per cartam suam eciam sine manumissione。'
38。 F。W。 Maitland tells me; that Concanen's Report of Rowe v。 Brenton describes bond conventioners in Cornwall。
39。 Bracton; f 6: 'Et in hoc legem habent contra dominos; quod stare possunt in judicio contra eos de vita et membris propter saevitiam dominorum; vel propter intollerabilem injuriam; ut si eos destruant; quod salvum non possit eis esse waynagium suum。 'Hoc autem verum est de illis servis; qui tenent de antiquo dominico coronae; sed de aliis secus est; quia quandocunque placuerit domino; auferre poterit a villano suo waynagium suum et omnia bona sua。' Expedit enim reipublicae ne quis re sua male utatur。'
40。 See my article in the L。 Q。 R。; i。 195。
41。 Bracton; f 196 202。
42。 Coram Rege; 15 Edw。 I; m。 18: '。。。 licet habeant alia averia per que distringi possent distringit eos per averia de carucis suis quod est contra statutum domini Regis。' (Record Office。)
43。 Spence; Equitable Jurisdiction; i。 136。
44。 The Mirror of Justices; p。 110; follows Britton in this matter。 This curious book is altogether very interesting on the subject of villeinage; but as its information is of a very peculiar stamp; I have not attempted to use it currently on the same level with other authorities。 I prefer discussing it by itself in App。 III。
45。 Bracton; f 26 b; 200。 Cf Bract。 Note…book; pl。 141: 'Dicit quod tunc temporis scilicet in itinere iusticiariorum tenuit ipse quamdam terram in uillenagium quam emerat; et tunc coguouit quod terra illa fuit uillenagium; et precise defendit quod nunquam cognouit se esse uillanum。'
46。 Britton; ii。 13; Y。B。 20/21 Edw。 I; p。 41: 'Kar nent plus neit a dire; jeo tenk les tenements en vileynage de le Deen etc。 ke neit a dire ke jeo tenk les tenements。。。。。 a la volunte le Deen etc。'
47。 Bracton; f 168。
48。 Ibid。; f I99 b。
49。 Palgrave; Rotuli Curiae Regis; ii。 192。
50。 Placitorum Abbrev。 25; 29; Note…book; pl。 88。 (The father is called Ailfricus in the Plea Roll Divers terms 2 John; 2 d。; at the Record Office。)
51。 Bract。 Note…book; pl。 88。
52。 Case 70: 'Consideratum est quod terra illa est uilenagium ipsius Hugonis (corr。 Johannis); et quod si Martinus uoluerit terram tenere faciat consuetudines quas pater suus fecit; sin autem capiat terram suam in manum suam。'
53。 Marginal remark in the Note…book to pl。 70: 'Nota quod liber homo potest facere uillanas consuetudines racione tenementi uillani set propter hoc non erit uillanus; quia potest relinquere tenementum。' Comp。 Mr Maitland's note to the case。
54。 Bracton; f 199 b: 'Unde videtur per hoc; quod licet liber homo teneat villenagium per villanas consuetudines; contra voluntatem suam ejici non debet; dum tamen facere voluerit consuetudines quae pertinent ad villenagium; et quae praestantur ratione villenagii; et non ratione personae。'
55。 Cf。 Blackstone's characteristic of copyholds: 'But it is the very condition of the tenure in question that the lands be holden only so long as the stipulated service is performed; quamdiu velint et possint facere debitum servitium et solvere debitas pensiones。' (Law Tracts; ii。 153。)
56。 Bract。 f 200。
57。 Bract。 Note…book; pl。 1103: 'Et ideo consideratum est quod Willelmus conuictus est de uilenagio et si facere uoluerit predictas consuetudines teneat illam bouatam terre per easdem consuetudines; sin autem faciat Bartholomeus de terra et de ipso Willelmo uoluntatem suam ut de uillano suo et ei liberatur Cf。 Mr Maitland's note。
58。 I should like to draw attention to one more case which completes the picture from another side。 Bract。 Note book; pl。 784: 'Symon de T。 petit versus Adam de H。 et Thomam P。 quod faciant ei consuetudines et recta seruicia que ei facere debent de tenemento quod de eo tenent in uillenagio in T。 Et ipsi ueniunt et cognoscunt quod uillani sunt。 Et Symon concedit eis quod teneant tenementa sua faciendo inde seruicia quae pertinent ad uillenagium; ita tamen quod non dent plus in auxilium ad festum St。 Mich。 nec per annum quam duodecim denarios scilicet quilibet ipsorum et hoc nomine tallagii。' The writ of customs and services was out of place between lord and v