the origins of contemporary france-1-第76节

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destroy　his　absolute　being；　to　give　him　a　relative　being；　and　to

convert　self　into　the　common　unity；　so　that　each　individual　may　not

regard　himself　as　one　by　himself；　but　a　part　of　the　unity；　and　no

longer　sensitive　but　through　the　whole。　　An　infant；　on　opening　its

eyes；　must　behold　the　common　patrimony　and；　to　the　day　of　its　death；

behold　that　only。。。。　　He　should　be　disciplined　so　as　never　to

contemplate　the　individual　except　in　his　relations　with　the　body　of

the　State。〃



Such　was　the　practice　of　Sparta；　and　the　sole　aim　of　the　〃great

Lycurgus。〃…



　〃All　being　equal　through　the　law；　they　must　be　brought　up　together

and　in　the　same　manner。〃　〃The　law　must　regulate　the　subjects；　the

order　and　the　form　of　their　studies。〃　They　must；　at　the　very　least；

take　part　in　public　exercises；　in　horse…races；　in　the　games　of

strength　and　of　agility　instituted　〃to　accustom　them　to　law；　equality；

fraternity；　and　competition；〃　to　teach　them　how　〃to　live　under　the

eyes　of　their　fellow…citizens　and　to　crave　public　applause。〃



　Through　these　games　they　become　democrats　from　their　early　youth；

since；　the　prizes　being　awarded；　not　through　the　arbitrariness　of

masters；　but　through　the　cheers　of　spectators；　they　accustom

themselves　to　recognizing　as　sovereign　the　legitimate　sovereignty；

consisting　of　the　verdict　of　the　assembled　people。　　The　foremost

interest　of　the　State　is；　always；　to　form　the　wills　of　those　by　which

it　lasts；　to　prepare　the　votes　that　are　to　maintain　it；　to　uproot

passions　in　the　soul　that　might　be　opposed　to　it；　to　implant　passions

that　will　prove　favorable　to　it；　to　fix　firmly　with　the　breasts　of　its

future　citizens　the　sentiments　and　prejudices　it　will　at　some　time

need。＇27＇　If　it　does　not　secure　the　children　it　will　not　possess　the

adults；　Novices　in　a　convent　must　be　as　monks；　otherwise；　when　they

grow　up；　the　convent　will　no　longer　exist。



Finally；　our　lay　convent　has　its　own　religion；　a　lay　religion。　　If　I

possess　any　other　it　is　through　its　condescension　and　under

restrictions。　　It　is；　by　nature；　hostile　to　other　associations　than　its

own；　they　are　rivals；　they　annoy　it；　they　absorb　the　will　and　pervert

the　votes　of　its　members。



〃To　ensure　a　full　declaration　of　the　general　will　it　is　an

important　matter　not　to　allow　any　special　society　in　the　State；　and

that　each　citizen　should　pronounce　according　to　it　alone。〃＇28＇

〃Whatever　breaks　up　social　unity　is　worthless；〃　and　it　would　be　better

for　the　State　if　there　were　no　Church。　　…



Not　only　is　every　church　suspicious　but；　if　I　am　a　Christian；　my

belief　is　regarded　unfavorably。　　According　to　this　new　legislator

〃nothing　is　more　opposed　to　the　social　spirits　than　Christianity。　　。　　。

。　　A　society　of　true　Christians　would　no　longer　form　a　society　of　men。〃

For；　〃the　Christian　patrimony　is　not　of　this　world。〃　It　cannot

zealously　serve　the　State；　being　bound　by　its　conscience　to　support

tyrants。　　Its　law　〃preaches　only　servitude　and　dependence。　　。　　。　　it　is

made　for　a　slave；〃　and　never　will　a　citizen　be　made　out　of　a　slave。

〃Christian　Republic；　each　of　these　two　words　excludes　the　other。〃

Therefore；　if　the　future　Republic　assents　to　my　profession　of

Christianity；　it　is　on　the　understood　condition　that　my　doctrine　shall

be　shut　up　in　my　mind；　without　even　affecting　my　heart。　　If　I　am　a

Catholic；　（and　twenty…five　out　of　twenty…six　million　Frenchmen　are

like　me）；　my　condition　is　worse。　　For　the　social　pact　does　not　tolerate

an　intolerant　religion；　any　sect　that　condemns　other　sects　is　a　public

enemy；　〃whoever　presumes　to　say　that　there　is　no　salvation　outside　the

church；　must　be　driven　out　of　the　State。〃



　Should　I　be；　finally；　a　free…thinker；　a　positivist　or　skeptic；　my

situation　is　little　better。



〃There　is　a　civil　religion；〃　a　catechism；　〃a　profession　of　faith；

of　which　the　sovereign　has　the　right　to　dictate　the　articles；　not

exactly　as　religious　dogmas　but　as　sentiments　of　social　import　without

which　we　cannot　be　a　good　citizen　or　a　loyal　subject。〃　These　articles

embrace　〃the　existence　of　a　powerful；　intelligent；　beneficent；

foreseeing　and　provident　divinity；　the　future　life；　the　happiness　of

the　righteous；　the　punishment　of　the　wicked；　the　sacredness　of　the

social　contract　and　of　the　laws。＇29＇　Without　forcing　anyone　to　believe

in　this　creed；　whoever　does　not　believe　in　it　must　be　expelled　from

the　State；　it　is　necessary　to　banish　such　persons　not　on　account　of

impiety；　but　as　unsociable　beings；　incapable　of　sincerely　loving　law

and　justice　and；　if　need　be；　of　giving　up　life　for　duty。〃



Take　heed　that　this　profession　of　faith　be　not　a　vain　one；　for　a

new　inquisition　is　to　test　its　sincerity。



〃Should　any　person；　after　having　publicly　recognized　these　dogmas；

act　as　an　unbeliever；　let　him　be　punished　with　death。　　He　has　committed

the　greatest　of　crimes：　he　has　lied　before　the　law。〃



Truly；　as　I　said　above；　we　are　in　a　convent







V。　　SOCIAL　CONTRACT；　SUMMARY。



Complete　triumph　and　last　excesses　of　classic　reason。　　…　How　it

becomes　monomania。　　…　Why　its　work　is　not　enduring。



These　articles　are　all　inevitable　consequences　of　the　social

contract。　　The　moment　I　enter　the　corporation　I　abandon　my　own

personality；　I　abandon；　by　this　act；　my　possessions；　my　children；　my

church；　and　my　opinions。　　I　cease　to　be　proprietor；　father；　Christian

and　philosopher。　　The　state　is　my　substitute　in　all　these　functions。　　In

place　of　my　will；　there　is　henceforth　the　public　will；　that　is　to　say；

in　theory；　the　mutable　absolutism　of　a　majority　counted　by　heads；

while　in　fact；　it　is　the　rigid　absolutism　of　the　assembly；　the

faction；　the　individual　who　is　custodian　of　the　public　authority。　　…

On　this　principle　an　outburst　of　boundless　conceit　takes　place。　　The

very　first　year　Grégoire　states　in　the　tribune　of　the　Constituent

Assembly；　〃we　might　change　religion　if　we　pleased；　but　we　have　no　such

desire。〃　A　little　later　the　desire　comes；　and　it　is　to　be　carried　out；

that　of　Holbach　is　proposed；　then　that　of　Rousseau；　and　they　dare　go

much　farther。　　In　the　name　of　Reason；　of　which　the　State　alone　is　the

representative　and　interpreter；　they　undertake　to　unmake　and　make

over；　in　conformity　with　Reason　and　with　Reason　only；　all　customs；

festivals；　ceremonies；　and　costumes；　the　era；　the　calendar；　weights

and　measures；　the　names　of　the　seasons；　months；　weeks　and　days；　of

places　and　monuments；　family　and　baptismal　names；　complimentary

titles；　the　tone　of　discourse；　the　mode　of　salutation；　of　greeting；　of

speaking　and　of　writing；　in　such　a　fashion；　that　the　Frenchman；　as

formerly　with　the　puritan　or　the　Quaker；　remodeled　even　in　his　inward

substance；　exposes；　through　the　smallest　details　of　his　conduct　and

exterior；　the　dominance　of　the　all…powerful　principle　which　refashions

his　being　and　the　inflexible　logic　which　controls　his　thoughts。　　This

constitutes　the　final　result　and　complete　triumph　of　the　classic

spirit。　　Installed　in　narrow　brains；　incapable　of　entertaining　two

related　ideas；　it　is　to　become　a　cold　or　furious　monomania；　fiercely

and　unrelentingly　destroying　a　past　it　curses；　and　attempting　to

establish　a　millennium；　and　all　in　the　name　of　an　illusory　contract；

at　once　anarchical　and　despotic；　which　unfetters　insurrection　and

justifies　dictatorship；　all　to　end　in　a　conflicting　social　order

resembling　sometimes　a　drunken　orgy　of　demons；　and　sometimes　a　Spartan

convent；　all　aimed　at　replacing　the　real　human　being；　slowly　formed　by

his　past　with　an　improvised　robot；　who；　through　its　own　debility；　will

collapse　when　the　external　and　mechanical　force　that　keeps　it　up　will

no　longer　sustain　it。



____________________________________________________________________



Notes：



＇1＇　Barrère；　〃Point　du　jour；〃　No。　　1；　（June　15；　1789）。　　〃　You　are

summoned　to　give　history　a　fresh　start。〃



＇2＇　Condorcet；　ibid。；　〃Tableau　des　progrès　de　l'esprit　humain；〃　the

tenth　epoch。　　〃The　methods　of　the　mathematical　sciences；　applied　to　new

objects；　have　opened　new　roads　to　the　moral　and　political　sciences。〃　…

Cf。　　Rousseau；　in　the　〃Contrat　Social；〃　the　mathematical　calculation　of

the　fraction　of　sovereignty　to　which　each　individual　is　entitled。



＇3＇　Saint…Lambert；　〃Catéchisme　universel；〃　the　first　dialogue；　p。

17。



＇4＇　Condorcet；　ibid。；　ninth　epoch。　　〃From　this　single　truth　the

publicists　have　been　able　to　derive　the　rights　of　man。〃



＇5＇　Rousseau　still　entertained　admiration　for　Montesquieu　but；　at

the　same　time；　with　some　reservation；　afterwards；　however；　the　theory

developed　itself；　every　historical　right　being　rejected。　　〃Then；〃　says

Condorcet；　（ibid。；　ninth　epoch）；　〃they　found　themselves　obliged

abandon　a　false　and　crafty　policy　which；　forgetful　of　men　deriving

equal　rights　through　their　nature；　attempted　at　one　time　to　estimate

those　allowed　to　them　according　to　extent　of　territory；　the

temperature　of　the　climate；　the　national　character；　the　wealth　of　the

populatio