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'33'。  〃Paris; Versailles et les provinces au dix…huitième siècle;〃

II。  160; 168。  … Mercier; 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 IV。  150。  … De Ségur;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。  16。



'34'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by D'Arneth and Geffroy; II。  27; 255;

281。  〃 Gustave III。〃 by Geffroy; November; 1786; bulletin of Mme。  de

Sta?l。  … D'Hézecques; ibid。。  231。  … Archives nationales; 01; 736; a

letter by M。 Amelot; September 23; 1780。  … De Luynes; XV。  260; 367;

XVI。  163 ladies; of which 42 are in service; appear and courtesy to

the king。  160 men and more than 100 ladies pay their respects to the

Dauphin and Dauphine。



'35'。  Cochin。  Engravings of a masked ball; of a dress ball; of the

king and queen at play; of the interior of the theater (1745)。

Customes of Moreau (1777)。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Dictionaire des

etiquettes;〃 the article parure。



'36'。  〃The difference between the tone and language of the court

and the town was about as perceptible as that between Paris and the

provinces。  〃 (De Tilly; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  153。)



'37'。  The following is an example of the compulsory inactivity of

the nobles  …  a dinner of Queen Marie Leczinska at Fontainebleau: 〃I

was introduced into a superb hall where I found about a dozen

courtiers promenading about and a table set for as many persons; which

was nevertheless prepared for but one person。  。  。  。  The queen sat

own while the twelve courtiers took their positions in a semi…circle

ten steps from the table; I stood alongside of them imitating their

deferential silence。  Her Majesty began to eat very fast; keeping her

eyes fixed on the plate。  Finding one of the dishes to her taste she

returned to it; and then; running her eye around the circle; she said

〃Monsieur de Lowenthal?〃 … On hearing this name a fine…looking man

advanced; bowing; and replied; 〃Madame?〃 … 〃I find that this ragout is

fricassé chicken。〃 〃I believe it is' Madame。〃 … On making this

answer; in the gravest manner; the marshal; retiring backwards;

resumed his position; while the queen finished her dinner; never

uttering another word and going back to her room the same way as she

came。〃 (Memoirs of Casanova。)



'38'。  〃Under Louis XVI; who arose at seven or eight o'clock; the

lever took place at half…past eleven unless hunting or ceremonies

required it earlier。〃 There is the same ceremonial at eleven; again in

the evening on retiring; and also during the day; when he changes his

boots。  (D'Hézecque; 161。)



'39'。  Warroquier; I。  94。  Compare corresponding detail under Louis

XVI in Saint…Simon XIII。  88。



'40'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; II。  217。



'41'。  In all changes of the coat the left arm of the king is

appropriated by the wardrobe and the right arm to the 〃chambre。〃



'42'。  The queen breakfasts in bed; and 〃there are ten or twelve

persons present at this first reception or entrée。  。  。  〃 The grand

receptions taking place at the dressing hour。  〃This reception

comprises the princes of the blood; the captains of the guards and

most of the grand…officers。〃 The same ceremony occurs with the chemise

as with the king's shirt。  One winter day Mme。  Campan offers the

chemise to the queen; when a lady of honor enters; removes her gloves

and takes the chemise in her hands。  A movement at the door and the

Duchess of Orleans comes in; takes off her gloves; and receives the

chemise。  Another movement and it is the Comtesse d'Artois whose

privilege it is to hand the chemise。  Meanwhile the queen sits there

shivering with her arms crossed on her breast and muttering; 〃It is

dreadful; what importunity! 〃 (Mme。  Campan; II。  217; III。  309…316)。



'43'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; II。  223 (August

15; 1774)。



'44'。  Count D'Hézecques; ibid。; p。  7。



'45'。  Duc de Lauzun; 〃Mémoires;〃 51。  … Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Mémoires;〃

ch。  XII。: 〃Our husbands; regularly on that day (Saturday) slept at

Versailles; to hunt the next day with the king。〃



'46'。  The State dinner takes place every Sunday。  … La nef is a

piece of plate at the center of the table containing between scented

cushions; the napkins used by the king。  … The essai is the tasting of

each dish by the gentlemen servants and officers of the table before

the king partakes of it。  And the same with the beverages。  … It

requires four persons to serve the king with a glass of wine and

water。



'47'。  When the ladies of the king's court; and especially the

princesses; pass before the king's bed they have to make an obeisance;

the palace officials salute the nef on passing that。  … A priest or

sacristan does the same thing on passing before the altar。



'48'。  De Luynes; IX; 75;79; 105。  (August; 1748; October 1748)。



'49'。  The king is at Marly; and here is a list of the excursions he

is to make before going to Compiègne。  (De Luynes; XIV; 163; May; 1755)

〃Sunday; June 1st; to Choisy until Monday evening。  …  Tuesday; the

3rd to Trianon; until Wednesday。  …  Thursday; the 5th; return to

Trianon where he will remain until after supper on Saturday。  …

Monday; the 9th; to Crécy; until Friday; 13th。  …  Return to Crécy the

16th; until the 21st。  …  St。  July 1st to la Muette; the 2nd; to

Compiègne。〃



'50'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; I。  19 (July 12;

1770)。  I。  265 (January 23; 1771)。  I。  III。  (October 18; 1770)。



'51'。  Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; II; 270 (October

18; 1774)。  II; 395 (November 15; 1775)。  II; 295 (February 20; 1775)。

III; 25 (February 11; 1777)。  III; 119 (October 17; 1777)。  III; 409

(March 18; 1780)。



'52'。  Mme。  Campan; I。  147。



'53'。  Nicolardot; 〃Journal de Louis XVI;〃 129。



'54'。  D'Hézecques ibid。  253。  … Arthur Young; I。  215。



'55'。  List of pensions paid to members of the royal family in 1771。

Duc d'Orléans; 150;000。  Prince de Condé; 100;000。  Comte de Clermont;

70;000。  Duc de Bourbon; 60;000。  Prince de Conti; 60;000。  Comte de la

Marche; 60;000。  Dowager…Countess de Conti; 50;000。  Duc de Penthièvre;

50;000。  Princess de Lamballe; 50;000。  Duchess de Bourbon; 50;000。

(Archives Nationales。  O1。  710; bis)。



'56'。  Beugnot; I。  77。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Mémoires;〃 ch。  XVII。  De

Goncourt; 〃La Femme au dix…huitième siècle;〃 52。  … Champfort;

〃Caractères et Anecdotes。〃



'57'。  De Luynes; XVI。  57 (May; 1757)。  In the army of Westphalia the

Count d'Estrées; commander…in…chief; had twenty…seven secretaries; and

Grimm was the twenty…eighth。  … When the Duc de Richelieu set out for

his government of Guyenne he was obliged to have relays of a hundred

horses along the entire road。



'58'。  De Luynes; XVI。  186 (October; 1757)。



'59'。  De Goncourt; ibid。; 73; 75。



'60'。  Mme。  d'Epinay; 〃Mémoires。〃 Ed。  Boiteau; I。  306 (1751)。



'61'。  St。  Simon; XII。  457; and Dangeau; VI。  408。  The Marshal de

Boufflers at the camp of Compiègne (September; 1698) had every night

and morning two tables for twenty and twenty…five persons; besides

extra tables; 72 cooks; 340 domestics; 400 dozens of napkins; 80

dozens of silver plates; 6 dozens of porcelain plates。  Fourteen relays

of horses brought fruits and liquors daily from Paris; every day an

express brought fish; poultry and game from Ghent; Brussels; Dunkirk;

Dieppe and Calais。  Fifty dozens bottles of wine were drunk on ordinary

days and eighty dozens during the visits of the king and the princes。



'62'。  De Luynes; XIV。  149。



'63'。  Abbé Georgel; 〃Mémoires;〃 216。



'64'。  Sainte…Beuve; 〃Causeries du lundi;〃 VIII。  63; the texts of

two witnesses; MM。 de Genlis and Roland。



'65'。  De Luynes; XV。  455; and XVI。  219 (1757)。  〃The Marshal de

Belle…Isle contracted an indebtedness amounting to 1;200;000 livres;

one…quarter of it for building great piles of houses for his own

pleasure and the rest in the king's service。  The king; to indemnify

him; gives him 400;000 livres on the salt revenue; and 80;000 livres

income on the company privileged to refine the precious metals。〃



'66'。  Report of fixed incomes and expenditures; May 1st; 1789; p。

633。  … These figures; it must be noted; must be doubled to have their

actual equivalent。



'67'。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Dict。  des Etiquettes;〃 I。  349。



'68'。  Barbier; 〃Journal;〃 III; 211 (December; 1750)。



'69'。  Aubertin; 〃L'Esprit public au dix…huitième siècle;〃 255。



'70'。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Adèle et Théodore。〃 III。  54。



'71'。  Duc de Lévis; 68。  The same thing is found; previous to the

late reform; in the English army。  … Cf。  Voltaire; 〃Entretiens entre A;

B; C;〃 15th entretien。  〃A regiment is not the reward for services but

rather for the sum which the parents of a young man advance in order

that he may go to the provinces for three months in the year and keep

open house。〃



'72'。  Beugnot; I。  79。



'73'。  Merlin de Thionville; 〃Vie et correspondances。〃 Account of

his visit to the chartreu

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