the origins of contemporary france-1-第30节

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30th；　1781：　〃Killed　460　head　to　day。〃　In　1780　he　brings　down　20；534

head；　in　1781；　20；291；　in　fourteen　years；　189；251　head；　besides　1；254

stags；　while　boars　and　bucks　are　proportionate；　and　it　must　be　noted

that　this　is　all　done　by　his　own　hand；　since　his　parks　approach　his

houses。　　…　　Such；　in　fine；　is　the　character　of　a　〃　well…appointed

household；〃　that　is　to　say；　provided　with　its　dependencies　and

services。　　Everything　is　within　reach；　it　is　a　complete　world　in　itself

and　self…sufficient。　　One　exalted　being　attaches　to　and　gathers　around

it；　with　universal　foresight　and　minuteness　of　detail；　every

appurtenance　it　employs　or　can　possibly　employ。　　…　　Thus；　each　prince；

each　princess　has　a　professional　surgery　and　a　chapel；＇18＇　it　would

not　answer　for　the　almoner　who　says　mass　or　the　doctor　who　looks　after

their　health　to　be　obtained　outside。　　So　much　stronger　is　the　reason

that　the　king　should　have　ministrants　of　this　stamp；　his　chapel

embraces　seventy…five　almoners；　chaplains；　confessors；　masters　of　the

oratory；　clerks；　announcers；　carpet…bearers；　choristers；　copyists；　and

composers　of　sacred　music；　his　faculty　is　composed　of　forty…eight

physicians；　surgeons；　apothecaries；　oculists；　operators；　bone…setters；

distillers；　chiropodists　and　spagyrists　（a　species　of　alchemists）。　　We

must　still　note　his　department　of　profane　music；　consisting　of　one

hundred　and　twenty…eight　vocalists；　dancers；　instrumentalists；

directors　and　superintendents；　his　library　corps　of　forty…three

keepers；　readers；　interpreters；　engravers；　medallists；　geographers；

binders　and　printers；　the　staff　of　ceremonial　display；　sixty…two

heralds；　sword…bearers；　ushers　and　musicians；　the　staff　of

housekeepers；　consisting　of　sixty…eight　marshals；　guides　and

commissaries。　　I　omit　other　services　in　haste　to　reach　the　most

important；…　that　of　the　table；　a　fine　house　and　good　housekeeping

being　known　by　the　table。



There　are　three　sections　of　the　table　service；＇19＇　the　first　for

the　king　and　his　younger　children；　the　second；　called　the　little

ordinary；　for　the　table　of　the　grand…master；　the　grand…chamberlain　and

the　princes　and　princesses　living　with　the　king；　the　third；　called　the

great　ordinary；　for　the　grand…master's　second　table；　that　of　the

butlers　of　the　king's　household；　the　almoners；　the　gentlemen　in

waiting；　and　that　of　the　valets…de…chambre；　in　all　three　hundred　and

eighty…three　officers　of　the　table　and　one　hundred　and　three　waiters；

at　an　expense　of　2；177；771　livres；　besides　this　there　are　389；173

livres　appropriated　to　the　table　of　Madame　Elisabeth；　and　1；093；547

livres　for　that　of　Mesdames；　the　total　being　3；660；491　livres　for　the

table。　　The　wine…merchant　furnished　wine　to　the　amount　of　300；000

francs　per　annum；　and　the　purveyor　game；　meat　and　fish　at　a　cost　of

1；000；000　livres。　　Only　to　fetch　water　from　Ville…d'Avray；　and　to

convey　servants；　waiters　and　provisions；　required　fifty　horses　hired

at　the　rate　of　70；591　francs　per　annum。　　The　privilege　of　the　royal

princes　and　princesses　〃to　send　to　the　bureau　for　fish　on　fast　days

when　not　residing　regularly　at　the　court；〃　amounts　in　1778　to　175；116

livres。　　On　reading　in　the　Almanach　the　titles　of　these　officials　we

see　a　Gargantua's　feast　spread　out　before　us。　　The　formal　hierarchy　of

the　kitchens；　so　many　grand　officials　of　the　table；　　…　　the　butlers；

comptrollers　and　comptroller…pupils；　the　clerks　and　gentlemen　of　the

pantry；　the　cup…bearers　and　carvers；　the　officers　and　equerries　of　the

kitchen；　the　chiefs；　assistants　and　head…cooks；　the　ordinary

scullions；　turnspits　and　cellarers；　the　common　gardeners　and　salad

gardeners；　laundry　servants；　pastry…cooks；　plate…changers；　table…

setters；　crockery…keepers；　and　broach…bearers；　the　butler　of　the　table

of　the　head…butler；　　…　　an　entire　procession　of　broad…braided　backs

and　imposing　round　bellies；　with　grave　countenances；　which；　with　order

and　conviction；　exercise　their　functions　before　the　saucepans　and

around　the　buffets。



One　step　more　and　we　enter　the　sanctuary；　the　king's　apartment。　　Two

principal　dignitaries　preside　over　this；　and　each　has　under　him　about

a　hundred　subordinates。　　On　one　side　is　the　grand　chamberlain　with　his

first　gentlemen　of　the　bedchamber；　the　pages　of　the　bedchamber；　their

governors　and　instructors；　the　ushers　of　the　antechamber；　with　the

four　first　valets…de…chambre　in　ordinary；　sixteen　special　valets

serving　in　turn；　his　regular　and　special　cloak…bearers；　his　barbers；

upholsterers；　watch…menders；　waiters　and　porters；　on　the　other　hand　is

the　grand…master　of　the　wardrobe；　with　the　masters　of　the　wardrobe　and

the　valets　of　the　wardrobe　regular　and　special；　the　ordinary　trunk…

carriers；　mail…bearers；　tailors；　laundry　servants；　starchers；　and

common　waiters；　with　the　gentlemen；　officers　and　secretaries　in

ordinary　of　the　cabinet；　in　all　198　persons　for　domestic　service；　like

50　many　domestic　utensils　for　every　personal　want；　or　as　sumptuous

pieces　of　furniture　for　the　decoration　of　the　apartment。　　Some　of　them

fetch　the　mall　and　the　balls；　others　hold　the　mantle　and　cane；　others

comb　the　king's　hair　and　dry　him　off　after　a　bath；　others　drive　the

mules　which　transport　his　bed；　others　watch　his　pet　greyhounds　in　his

room；　others　fold；　put　on　and　tie　his　cravat；　and　others　fetch　and

carry　off　his　easy　chair。＇20＇　Some　there　are　whose　sole　business　it　is

to　fill　a　corner　which　must　not　be　left　empty。　　Certainly；　with　respect

to　ease　of　deportment　and　appearance　these　are　the　most　conspicuous　of

all；　being　so　close　to　the　master　they　are　under　obligation　to　appear

well；　in　such　proximity　their　bearing　must　not　create　a　discord。　　…

Such　is　the　king's　household；　and　I　have　only　described　one　of　his

residences；　he　has　a　dozen　of　them　besides　Versailles；　great　and

small；　Marly；　the　two　Trianons；　la　Muette；　Meudon；　Choisy；　Saint…

Hubert；　Saint…Germain；　Fontainebleau；　Compiègne；　Saint…Cloud；

Rambouillet；＇21＇　without　counting　the　Louvre；　the　Tuileries　and

Chambord；　with　their　parks　and　hunting…grounds；　their　governors；

inspectors；　comptrollers；　concierges；　fountain　tenders；　gardeners；

sweepers；　scrubbers；　mole…catchers；　wood…rangers；　mounted　and　foot…

guards；　in　all　more　than　a　thousand　persons。　　Naturally　he　entertains；

plans　and　builds；　and；　in　this　way　expends　3　or　4　millions　per

annum。＇22＇　Naturally；　also；　he　repairs　and　renews　his　furniture；　in

1778；　which　is　an　average　year；　this　costs　him　1；936；853　livres。

Naturally；　also；　he　takes　his　guests　along　with　him　and　defrays　their

expenses；　they　and　their　attendants；　at　Choisy；　in　1780；　there　are

sixteen　tables　with　345　seats　besides　the　distributions；　at　Saint…

Cloud；　in　1785；　there　are　twenty…six　tables；　〃an　excursion　to　Marly　of

twenty…one　days　is　a　matter　of　120；000　livres　extra　expense；〃　the

excursion　to　Fontainebleau　has　cost　as　much　as　400；000　and　500；000

livres。　　His　removals；　on　the　average；　cost　half　a　million　and　more　per

annum。＇23＇　…　　To　complete　our　idea　of　this　immense　paraphernalia　it

must　be　borne　in　mind　that　the　artisans　and　merchants　belonging　to

these　various　official　bodies　are　obliged；　through　the　privileges　they

enjoy；　to　follow　the　court　〃on　its　journeys　that　it　may　be　provided　on

the　spot　with　apothecaries；　armorers；　gunsmiths；　sellers　of　silken　and

woollen　hosiery；　butchers；　bakers；　embroiderers；　publicans；　cobblers；

belt…makers；　candle…makers；　hatters；　pork…dealers；　surgeons；

shoemakers；　curriers；　cooks；　pinkers；　gilders　and　engravers；　spur…

makers；　sweetmeat…dealers；　furbishers；　old…clothes　brokers；　glove…

perfumers；　watchmakers；　booksellers；　linen…drapers；　wholesale　and

retail　wine…dealers；　carpenters；　coarse…jewelry　haberdashers；

jewellers；　parchment…makers；　dealers　in　trimmings；　chicken…roasters；

fish…dealers；　purveyors　of　hay；　straw　and　oats；　hardware…sellers；

saddlers；　tailors；　gingerbread　and　starch…dealers；　fruiterers；　dealers

in　glass　and　in　violins。〃＇24＇　One　might　call　it　an　oriental　court

which；　to　be　set　in　motion；　moves　an　entire　world：　〃when　it　is　to　move

one　must；　if　one　wants　to　travel　anywhere；　take　the　post　in　well　in

advance。〃　The　total　is　near　4；000　persons　for　the　king's　civil

household；　9；000　to　10；000　for　his　military　household；　at　least　2；000

for　those　of　his　relatives；　in　all　15；000　individuals；　at　a　cost　of

between　forty　and　fifty　million　livres；　which　would　be　equal　to　double

the　amount　to　day；　and　which；　at　that　time；　constituted　one…tenth　of

the　public　revenue。＇25＇　We　have　here　the　central　figure　of　the

monarchical　show。　　However　grand　and　costly　it　may　be；　it　is　only

proportionate　to　its　purpose；　since　the　court　is　a　public　institution；

and　the　aristocracy；　with　nothing　to　do；　devotes　itself　to　filling　up

the　king's　drawing…room。



III。　　THE　KING'S　ASSOCIATES。



The　society　of　the　king。　　…　Officers　of　the　household。　　…　Invited

guests。



Two　causes　maintain　this　affluence；　one　the　feudal　form　still

preserved；　and　the　other　the　new　centralization　j