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ordinance of 1776 had reduced these various places as follows:

(Warroquier; II; 467)。  18 general governments to 60;000 livres; 21 to

30;000; 114 special governments; 25 to 12;000 livres; 25 to 10;000 and

64 to 8;000; 176 lieutenants and commandants of towns; places; etc。;

of which 35 were reduced to 16;600 and 141 from 2;000 to 6;000。  … The

ordinance of 1788 established; besides these; 17 commands in chief

with from 20;000 to 30;000 livres fixed salary and from 4;000 to 6;000

a month for residence; and commands of a secondary grade。



'11'。  Somewhat like a minister of culture in one of our western

Welfare Social democracies; and which secures the support for the

ruling class of a horde of 〃artists〃 of all sorts。  (SR。)



'12'。  Archives nationales; H; 944; April 25; and September 20;

1780。  Letters and Memoirs of Furgole; advocate at Toulouse。



'13'。  Archives nationales; O1; 738 (Reports made to the bureau…

general of the king's household; March; 1780; by M。 Mesnard de

Chousy)。  Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 97。  … Mme。  Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  291。  …

D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 February 10; December 9; 1751; … 〃Essai sur

les capitaineries royales et autres〃 (1789); p。  80。  … Warroquier;

〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 I。  266。



'14'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by D'Arneth and Geffroy; II。  377。



'15'。  1 crown (écu) equals 6 livres under Louis XV。  (SR。)



'16'。  Mme。  Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  296; 298; 300; 301; III。  78。  …

Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvernement de Normandie;〃 IV。  171 (Letter from Paris;

December 13; 1780)。  … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 September 5; 1755。  …

Bachaumont; January 19; 1758。  … 〃Mémoire sur l'imposition

territoriale;〃 by M。 de Calonne (1787); p。  54。



'17'。  D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 December 9; 1751。  〃The expense to

courtiers of two new and magnificent coats; each for two fête days;

ordered by the king; completely ruins them。〃



'18'。  De Luynes; 〃Journal;〃 XIV。  pp。  147…295; XV。  36; 119。  …

D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 April 8; 1752; March 30 and July 28; 1753;

July 2; 1735; June 23; 1756。  … Hippeau; ibid。。  IV。  p。  153 (Letter of

May 15; 1780)。  … Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 II。  pp。

265; 269; 270; 271; 228。  … Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 p 249。



'19'。  Nicolardot; 〃Journal de Louis XVI。;〃 p。  228。  Appropriations

in the Red Book of 1774 to 1789: 227;985;716 livres; of which

80;000;000 are in acquisitions and gifts to the royal family。  … Among

others there are 14;600;000 to the Comte d'Artois and 14;450;000 to

Monsieur。  … 7;726;253 are given to the Queen for Saint…Cloud。  …

8;70;000 for the acquisition of Ile…Adam。



'20'。  Cf 。  〃Compte général des revenus et dépenses fixes au 1er

Mai; 1789〃 (Imprimerie royale; 1789; in 4to)。  Estate of Ile…Dieu;

acquired in 1783 of the Duc de Mortemart; 1;000;000; estate of

Viviers; acquired of the Prince de Soubise in 1784; 1;500;000。  …

Estates of St。  Priest and of St。  Etienne; acquired in 1787 of M。

Gilbert des Voisins; 1;335;935。  … The forests of Camors and of

Floranges; acquired of the Duc de Liancourt in 1785; 1;200;000。  … The

county of Montgommery; acquired of M。 Clement de Basville in 1785;

3;306;604。



'21'。  〃Le President des Brosses;〃 by Foisset。  (Remonstrances to the

king by the Parliament of Dijon; Jan。  19; 1764)。



'22'。  Lucas de Montigny; 〃Mémoires de Mirabeau。〃 Letter of the

bailiff; May 26; 1781。  … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 VI。  156; 157; 160;

76; VI。  p。  320。  … Marshal Marmont; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  9。  … De Ferrières;

〃Mémoires;〃 preface。  See; on the difficulty in succeeding; the Memoirs

of Dumourier。  Chateaubriand's father is likewise one of the

discontented; 〃a political frondeur; and very inimical to the court。〃

(I。  206)。  … Records of the States…General of 1789; a general summary

by Prud'homme; II。  passim。



'23'。  〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 II。  202; 203。  … Voltaire;

〃Dictionnaire philosophique;〃 article 〃Curé de Campagne。〃 … Abbé

Guettée; 〃Histoire de l'Eglise de France;〃 XII。  130。



'24'。  Those entitled to tithes in cereals。… TR。



'25'。  A curate's salary at the present day (1875) is; at the

minimum; 900 francs with a house and perquisites。



'26'。  Théron de Montaugé; 〃L'Agriculture les classes rurale; dans

le pays Toulousain;〃 p。  86。



'27'。  Périn; 〃la Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 grievances of the rural

parishes of Artois; p。  320。 Boivin…Champeaux; ibid。。  pp。  65; 68。  …

Hippeau; ibid。。  VI。  p。  79; et VII。  177。  … Letter of M。 Sergent; curate

of Vallers; January 27; 1790。  (Archives nationales; DXIX。  portfolio

24。) Letter of M。 Briscard; curate of Beaumont…la…Roger; diocese of

Evreux; December 19; 1789。  (ibid。。  DXIX。  portfolio 6。) 〃Tableau moral

du clergé de France〃 (1789); p。  2。



'28'。  He who has the right of receiving the first year's income of

a parish church after a vacancy caused by death。… TR。



'29'。  One who performs masses for the dead at fixed epochs。… TR。



'30'。  Grievances on the additional burdens which the Third…Estate

have to support; by Gautier de Bianzat (1788); p 237。



'31'。  Hippeau; ibid。  VI。  164。  (Letter of the Curate of Marolles and

of thirteen others;。  Letter of the bishop of Evreux; March 20; 1789。

Letter of the abbé d'Osmond; April 2; 1789)。  … Archives nationales;

manuscript documents (proces…verbeaux) of the States…General; V。  148。

pp。  245…47。  Registers of the curates of Toulouse; t。  150; p。  282; in

the representations of the Dijon chapter。



'32'。  De Toqueville; book II。  This capital truth as been

established by M。 de Tocqueville with superior discernment。



'33'。  A term indicating a certain division of the kingdom of France

to facilitate the collection of taxes。  Each generalship was subdivided

into elections; in which there was a tribunal called the bureau of

finances。  (TR。)



'34'。  Remonstrances of Malesherbes; Registers by Turgot and Necker

to the king; (Laboulaye; 〃De l'administration fran?aise sous Louis

XVI; Revue des cours littéraires; IV。  423; 759; 814。)



'35'。  Financiers have been known to tell citizens: 〃The ferme (

revenue…agency) ought to be able to grant you favors; you ought to be

forced to come and ask for them。  …  He who pays never knows what he

owes。  The fermier is sovereign legislator in matters relating to his

personal interest。  Every petition; in which the interests of a

province; or those of the whole nation are concerned; is regarded as

penal foolhardiness if it is signed by a person in his private

capacity; and as illicit association if it be signed by several。〃

Malesherbes; ibid。。



'36'。  Mme。  Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  p。  13。  …  Mme。  du Hausset;

〃Mémoires;〃 p。  114。



'37'。  〃Gustave III。  et la cour de France;〃 by Geffroy。  II。  474。

(〃Archives de Dresde;〃 French Correspondence; November 20; 1788。)



'38'。  Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 p。  135。



'39'。  Mme。  de Pompadour; writing to Marshal d'Estrées; in the army;

about the campaign operations; and tracing for him a sort of plan; had

marked on the paper with mouches (face…patches); the different places

which she advised him to attack or defend。〃 Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Souvenirs

de Félicie;〃 p。  329。  Narrative by Mme。  de Puisieux; the mother…in…law

of Marshal d'Estrées。



'40'。  According to the manuscript register of Mme。  de Pompadour's

expenses; in the archives of the préfecture of Versailles; she had

expended 36;327;268 livres。  (Granier de Cassagnac; I。  91。)



'41'。  D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 VI。  398 (April 24; 1751)。  … 〃M。 du

Barry declared openly that he had consumed 18;000;000 belonging to the

State。〃 (Correspondence by Métra; I。  27)。



'42'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; vol。  II。  p。  168

(June 5; 1774)。



'43'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 ibid。。  vol。  II。  p。  377; vol。  III。  p。  391。



'44'。  Archives nationales; H; 1456; Memoir for M。 Bouret de

Vezelay; syndic for the creditors。



'45'。  Marquis de Mirabeau; 〃Traité de la population;〃 p。  81。



'46' Today; our so…called popular democracies have become completely 
irresponsible since the elected; who have full access to the coffers
 of the nation; present and future; and who; through alternation and 
short duration of tenure; are encouraged to become irresponsible; 
will use large amounts to be favorably exposed in the media and to 
avoid any kind of mudslinging。  They seem to govern their countries 
according to the devise: 〃After me the deluge。〃 (SR。)



'47'。  Lord; in Old Saxon; signifies 〃he who provides food;〃

seignior; in the Latin of the middle ages; signifies 〃the ancient;〃

the  head or chief of the flock。



'48'。  Around 1780。  (SR。)









BOOK SECOND。  MORALS AND CHARACTERS。



CHAPTER I。  MORAL PRINCIPLES UNDER THE ANCIENT REGIME。



The Court and a life of pomp and parade。



A military staff on furlough for a century and more; around a

commander…in…chief who gives fashionable entertainment; is the

p

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