the origins of contemporary france-1-第27节
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ordinance of 1776 had reduced these various places as follows:
(Warroquier; II; 467)。 18 general governments to 60;000 livres; 21 to
30;000; 114 special governments; 25 to 12;000 livres; 25 to 10;000 and
64 to 8;000; 176 lieutenants and commandants of towns; places; etc。;
of which 35 were reduced to 16;600 and 141 from 2;000 to 6;000。 … The
ordinance of 1788 established; besides these; 17 commands in chief
with from 20;000 to 30;000 livres fixed salary and from 4;000 to 6;000
a month for residence; and commands of a secondary grade。
'11'。 Somewhat like a minister of culture in one of our western
Welfare Social democracies; and which secures the support for the
ruling class of a horde of 〃artists〃 of all sorts。 (SR。)
'12'。 Archives nationales; H; 944; April 25; and September 20;
1780。 Letters and Memoirs of Furgole; advocate at Toulouse。
'13'。 Archives nationales; O1; 738 (Reports made to the bureau…
general of the king's household; March; 1780; by M。 Mesnard de
Chousy)。 Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 97。 … Mme。 Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 291。 …
D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 February 10; December 9; 1751; … 〃Essai sur
les capitaineries royales et autres〃 (1789); p。 80。 … Warroquier;
〃Etat de la France en 1789;〃 I。 266。
'14'。 〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by D'Arneth and Geffroy; II。 377。
'15'。 1 crown (écu) equals 6 livres under Louis XV。 (SR。)
'16'。 Mme。 Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 296; 298; 300; 301; III。 78。 …
Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvernement de Normandie;〃 IV。 171 (Letter from Paris;
December 13; 1780)。 … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 September 5; 1755。 …
Bachaumont; January 19; 1758。 … 〃Mémoire sur l'imposition
territoriale;〃 by M。 de Calonne (1787); p。 54。
'17'。 D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 December 9; 1751。 〃The expense to
courtiers of two new and magnificent coats; each for two fête days;
ordered by the king; completely ruins them。〃
'18'。 De Luynes; 〃Journal;〃 XIV。 pp。 147…295; XV。 36; 119。 …
D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 April 8; 1752; March 30 and July 28; 1753;
July 2; 1735; June 23; 1756。 … Hippeau; ibid。。 IV。 p。 153 (Letter of
May 15; 1780)。 … Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 II。 pp。
265; 269; 270; 271; 228。 … Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 p 249。
'19'。 Nicolardot; 〃Journal de Louis XVI。;〃 p。 228。 Appropriations
in the Red Book of 1774 to 1789: 227;985;716 livres; of which
80;000;000 are in acquisitions and gifts to the royal family。 … Among
others there are 14;600;000 to the Comte d'Artois and 14;450;000 to
Monsieur。 … 7;726;253 are given to the Queen for Saint…Cloud。 …
8;70;000 for the acquisition of Ile…Adam。
'20'。 Cf 。 〃Compte général des revenus et dépenses fixes au 1er
Mai; 1789〃 (Imprimerie royale; 1789; in 4to)。 Estate of Ile…Dieu;
acquired in 1783 of the Duc de Mortemart; 1;000;000; estate of
Viviers; acquired of the Prince de Soubise in 1784; 1;500;000。 …
Estates of St。 Priest and of St。 Etienne; acquired in 1787 of M。
Gilbert des Voisins; 1;335;935。 … The forests of Camors and of
Floranges; acquired of the Duc de Liancourt in 1785; 1;200;000。 … The
county of Montgommery; acquired of M。 Clement de Basville in 1785;
3;306;604。
'21'。 〃Le President des Brosses;〃 by Foisset。 (Remonstrances to the
king by the Parliament of Dijon; Jan。 19; 1764)。
'22'。 Lucas de Montigny; 〃Mémoires de Mirabeau。〃 Letter of the
bailiff; May 26; 1781。 … D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 VI。 156; 157; 160;
76; VI。 p。 320。 … Marshal Marmont; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 9。 … De Ferrières;
〃Mémoires;〃 preface。 See; on the difficulty in succeeding; the Memoirs
of Dumourier。 Chateaubriand's father is likewise one of the
discontented; 〃a political frondeur; and very inimical to the court。〃
(I。 206)。 … Records of the States…General of 1789; a general summary
by Prud'homme; II。 passim。
'23'。 〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 II。 202; 203。 … Voltaire;
〃Dictionnaire philosophique;〃 article 〃Curé de Campagne。〃 … Abbé
Guettée; 〃Histoire de l'Eglise de France;〃 XII。 130。
'24'。 Those entitled to tithes in cereals。… TR。
'25'。 A curate's salary at the present day (1875) is; at the
minimum; 900 francs with a house and perquisites。
'26'。 Théron de Montaugé; 〃L'Agriculture les classes rurale; dans
le pays Toulousain;〃 p。 86。
'27'。 Périn; 〃la Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 grievances of the rural
parishes of Artois; p。 320。 Boivin…Champeaux; ibid。。 pp。 65; 68。 …
Hippeau; ibid。。 VI。 p。 79; et VII。 177。 … Letter of M。 Sergent; curate
of Vallers; January 27; 1790。 (Archives nationales; DXIX。 portfolio
24。) Letter of M。 Briscard; curate of Beaumont…la…Roger; diocese of
Evreux; December 19; 1789。 (ibid。。 DXIX。 portfolio 6。) 〃Tableau moral
du clergé de France〃 (1789); p。 2。
'28'。 He who has the right of receiving the first year's income of
a parish church after a vacancy caused by death。… TR。
'29'。 One who performs masses for the dead at fixed epochs。… TR。
'30'。 Grievances on the additional burdens which the Third…Estate
have to support; by Gautier de Bianzat (1788); p 237。
'31'。 Hippeau; ibid。 VI。 164。 (Letter of the Curate of Marolles and
of thirteen others;。 Letter of the bishop of Evreux; March 20; 1789。
Letter of the abbé d'Osmond; April 2; 1789)。 … Archives nationales;
manuscript documents (proces…verbeaux) of the States…General; V。 148。
pp。 245…47。 Registers of the curates of Toulouse; t。 150; p。 282; in
the representations of the Dijon chapter。
'32'。 De Toqueville; book II。 This capital truth as been
established by M。 de Tocqueville with superior discernment。
'33'。 A term indicating a certain division of the kingdom of France
to facilitate the collection of taxes。 Each generalship was subdivided
into elections; in which there was a tribunal called the bureau of
finances。 (TR。)
'34'。 Remonstrances of Malesherbes; Registers by Turgot and Necker
to the king; (Laboulaye; 〃De l'administration fran?aise sous Louis
XVI; Revue des cours littéraires; IV。 423; 759; 814。)
'35'。 Financiers have been known to tell citizens: 〃The ferme (
revenue…agency) ought to be able to grant you favors; you ought to be
forced to come and ask for them。 … He who pays never knows what he
owes。 The fermier is sovereign legislator in matters relating to his
personal interest。 Every petition; in which the interests of a
province; or those of the whole nation are concerned; is regarded as
penal foolhardiness if it is signed by a person in his private
capacity; and as illicit association if it be signed by several。〃
Malesherbes; ibid。。
'36'。 Mme。 Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 p。 13。 … Mme。 du Hausset;
〃Mémoires;〃 p。 114。
'37'。 〃Gustave III。 et la cour de France;〃 by Geffroy。 II。 474。
(〃Archives de Dresde;〃 French Correspondence; November 20; 1788。)
'38'。 Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 p。 135。
'39'。 Mme。 de Pompadour; writing to Marshal d'Estrées; in the army;
about the campaign operations; and tracing for him a sort of plan; had
marked on the paper with mouches (face…patches); the different places
which she advised him to attack or defend。〃 Mme。 de Genlis; 〃Souvenirs
de Félicie;〃 p。 329。 Narrative by Mme。 de Puisieux; the mother…in…law
of Marshal d'Estrées。
'40'。 According to the manuscript register of Mme。 de Pompadour's
expenses; in the archives of the préfecture of Versailles; she had
expended 36;327;268 livres。 (Granier de Cassagnac; I。 91。)
'41'。 D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 VI。 398 (April 24; 1751)。 … 〃M。 du
Barry declared openly that he had consumed 18;000;000 belonging to the
State。〃 (Correspondence by Métra; I。 27)。
'42'。 〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; vol。 II。 p。 168
(June 5; 1774)。
'43'。 〃Marie Antoinette;〃 ibid。。 vol。 II。 p。 377; vol。 III。 p。 391。
'44'。 Archives nationales; H; 1456; Memoir for M。 Bouret de
Vezelay; syndic for the creditors。
'45'。 Marquis de Mirabeau; 〃Traité de la population;〃 p。 81。
'46' Today; our so…called popular democracies have become completely
irresponsible since the elected; who have full access to the coffers
of the nation; present and future; and who; through alternation and
short duration of tenure; are encouraged to become irresponsible;
will use large amounts to be favorably exposed in the media and to
avoid any kind of mudslinging。 They seem to govern their countries
according to the devise: 〃After me the deluge。〃 (SR。)
'47'。 Lord; in Old Saxon; signifies 〃he who provides food;〃
seignior; in the Latin of the middle ages; signifies 〃the ancient;〃
the head or chief of the flock。
'48'。 Around 1780。 (SR。)
BOOK SECOND。 MORALS AND CHARACTERS。
CHAPTER I。 MORAL PRINCIPLES UNDER THE ANCIENT REGIME。
The Court and a life of pomp and parade。
A military staff on furlough for a century and more; around a
commander…in…chief who gives fashionable entertainment; is the
p