the origins of contemporary france-1-第122节

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canons　of　chapters；　2；800；　collegiate　canons；　5；600；　ecclésiastics

without　livings；　3；000　（Sieyès）。　　Moheau；　a　clear…headed　and　cautious

statistician；　writes　in　1778　（〃Recheches；〃　p。　　100）：　〃Perhaps；　to　day；

there　are　130；000　ecclesiastics　in　the　kingdom。〃　The　enumeration　of

1866　（〃Statistique　de　la　France；〃　population）；　gives　51；100　members　of

the　secular　clergy；　18；500　monks；　86；300　nuns；　total；　155；900　in　a

population　of　38；000；000　inhabitants。

_________________________________________________________________________

Notes：

＇1＇　In　1998；　550　000　square　kilometers。　　（SR。）



＇2＇　Archives　nationales；　G。　　319　（〃Etat　actuel　de　la　Direction　de

Bourges　au　point　de　vue　des　aides；〃　1774）。



＇3＇　Blet；　at　the　present　day；　contains　1；629　inhabitants。　　（This　was

around　1884；　in　1996　it　remains　a　small　commune　and　a　village　of　800

people　on　the　route　nationale　N76　between　Bourges　and　Sancoins。　　SR。）



＇4＇　The　farms　of　Blet　and　Brosses　really　produce　nothing　for　the

proprietor；　inasmuch　as　the　tithes　and　the　champart　（field…rents）；

（articles　22　and　23）；　are　comprehended　in　the　rate　of　the　leases。





END　NOTE　2：



ON　FEUDAL　RIGHTS　AND　ON　THE　STATE　OF　FEUDAL　DOMINION　IN　1733。



The　following　information；　for　which　I　am　indebted　to　M。　de

Boislisle；　is　derived　from　an　act　of　partition　drawn　up　September　6；

1783。



It　relates　to　the　estates　of　Blet　and　Brosses。　　The　barony　and

estate　of　Blet　lies　in　Bourbonnais；　two　leagues　from　Dun…le…Roi。　　Blet；

says　a　memorandum　of　an　administrator　of　the　Excise；　is　a　〃good

parish；　the　soil　is　excellent；　mostly　in　wood　and　pasture；　the　surplus

being　in　tillable　land　for　wheat；　rye　and　oats。　　。　　。　　。　　The　roads　are

bad；　especially　in　winter。　　The　trade　consists　principally　of　horned

cattle　and　embraces　grain；　the　woods　rot　away　on　account　of　their

remoteness　from　the　towns　and　the　difficulty　of　turning　them　to

account。〃＇1＇



〃This　estate；〃　says　the　act　of　valuation；　〃is　in　royal　tenure　on

account　of　the　king's　chateau　and　fortress　of　Ainay；　under　the

designation　of　the　town　of　Blet。〃　The　town　was　formerly　fortified　and

its　castle　still　remains。　　Its　population　was　once　large；　〃but　the

civil　wars　of　the　sixteenth　century；　and　especially　the　emigration　of

the　Protestants　caused　it　to　be　deserted　to　such　an　extent　that　out　of

its　former　population　of　3；000　scarcely　300　remain；＇2＇　which　is　the　fate

of　nearly　all　the　towns　in　this　country。〃　The　estate　of　Blet；　for　many

centuries　in　the　possession　of　the　Sully　family；　passed；　on　the

marriage　of　the　heiress　in　1363；　to　the　house　of　Saint…Quentin；　and

was　then　transmitted　in　direct　line　down　to　1748；　the　date　of　the

death　of　Alexander　II。　　of　Saint…Quentins；　Count　of　Diet；　governor　of

Berg…op…Zoom；　and　father　of　three　daughters　from　whom　the　actual　heirs

descend。　　These　heirs　are　the　Count　de　Simiane；　the　Chevalier　de

Simiane；　and　the　minors　of　Bercy；　each　party　owning　one…third；

represented　by　97；667　livres　in　the　Blet　estate；　and　20；408　livres　in

the　Brosses　estate。　　The　eldest；　Comte　de　Simiane；　enjoys；　besides；　a

préciput　（according　to　custom　in　the　Bourbonnais）；　worth　15；000

livres；　comprising　the　castle　with　the　adjoining　farm　and　the

seigniorial　rights；　honorary　as　well　as　profitable。



The　entire　domain；　comprising　both　estates；　is　valued　at　369；227

livres。　　The　estate　of　Blet；　comprises　1；437　arpents；　worked　by　seven

farmers　and　furnished；　by　the　proprietor；　with　cattle　valued　at　13；781

livres。　　They　pay　together　to　the　proprietor　12；060　livres　rent

（besides　claims　for　poultry　and　corvées）。　　One；　only；　has　a　large　farm；

paying　7；800　livres　per　annum；　the　others　paying　rents　of　1；300；　740；

640；　and　240　livres　per　annum。　　The　Brosses　estate　comprises　515

arpents；　worked　by　two　farmers　to　whom　the　proprietor　furnishes　cattle

estimated　at　3；750　livres；　and　these　together　return　to　the　proprietor

2；240　livres。＇3＇　These　métairies　are　all　poor；　only　one　of　them　has　two

rooms　with　fire…places；　two　or　three；　one　room　with　a　fire…place；　the

others　consist　of　a　kitchen　with　an　oven　outside；　and　stables　and

barns。　　Repairs　on　the　tenements　are　essential　on　all　the　farms　except

three；　〃having　been　neglected　for　thirty　years。〃　　〃The　mill…flume

requires　to　be　cleaned　out；　and　the　stream；　whose　inundations　injure

the　large　meadow；　also　repairs　are　necessary　on　the　banks　of　the　two

ponds；　on　the　church；　which　is　the　seignior's　duty；　the　roof　being　in

a　sad　state；　the　rain　penetrating　through　the　arch；〃　and　the　roads

require　mending；　these　being　in　a　deplorable　condition　during　the

winter。　　〃The　restoration　and　repairs　of　these　roads　seem　never　to　have

been　thought　of。〃　The　soil　of　the　Blet　estate　is　excellent；　but　it

requires　draining　and　ditching　to　carry　off　the　water；　otherwise　the

low　lands　will　continue　to　produce　nothing　but　weeds。　　Signs　of　neglect

and　desertion　are　everywhere　visible。　　The　chateau　of　Blet　has　remained

unoccupied　since　1748；　the　furniture；　accordingly；　is　almost　all

decayed　and　useless；　in　1748　this　was　worth　7；612　livres；　and　now　it

is　estimated　at　1；000　livres。　　〃The　water…power　costs　nearly　as　much　to

maintain　as　the　income　derived　from　it。　　The　use　of　plaster　as　manure

is　unknown；〃　and　yet　〃in　the　land　of　plaster　it　costs　almost　nothing。〃

The　ground；　moist　and　very　good；　would　grow　excellent　live　hedges；　and

yet　the　fields　are　enclosed　with　bare　fences　against　the　cattle；

〃which　expense；　say　the　farmers；　is　equal　to　a　third　of　the　net

income。〃　This　domain；　as　just　described；　is　valued　as　follows：



　1。　　The　estate　of　Blet；　according　to　the　custom　of　the　country　for

noble　estates；　is　valued　at　rate　twenty…five；　namely；　373；000　livres；

from　which　must　be　deducted　a　capital　of　65；056　livres；　representing

the　annual　charges　（the　fixed　salary　of　the　curate；　repairs；　etc。）；

not　including　personal　charges　like　the　vingtièmes。　　Its　net　revenue

per　annum　is　12；300　livres；　and　is　worth；　net；　308；003　livres。



　2。　　The　estate　of　Brosses　is　estimated　at　rate　twenty…two；　ceasing

to　be　noble　through　the　transfer　of　judicial　and　fief　rights　to　that

of　Blet。　　Thus　rated　it　is　worth　73；583　livres；　from　which　must　be

deducted　a　capital　of　12；359　livres　for　actual　charges；　the　estate

bringing　in　3；140　livres　per　annum　and　worth；　net；　61；224　livres。

These　revenues　are　derived　from　the　following　sources：



1。　　　Rights　of　the　high；　low　and　middle　courts　of　justice　over

the　entire　territory　of　Blet　and　other　villages；　Brosses　and　Jalay。

The　upper　courts；　according　to　an　act　passed　at　the　Chatelet；　April

29；　1702；　〃take　cognizance　of　all　actions；　real　and　personal；　civil

and　criminal；　even　actions　between　nobles　and　ecclesiastics；　relating

to　seals　and　inventories　of　movable　effects；　tutelages；　curacies；　the

administration　of　the　property　of　minors；　of　domains；　and　of　the

customary　dues　and　revenues　of　the　seigniory；　etc。〃



2。　　Rights　of　the　forests；　edict　of　1707。　　The　seignior's　warden

decides　in　all　cases　concerning　waters；　and　woods；　and　customs；　and

crimes　relating　to　fishing　and　hunting。



3。　　Right　of　voirie　or　the　police　of　the　highways；　streets；　and

buildings　（excepting　the　great　main　roads）。　　The　seignior　appoints　a

bailly；　warden　and　road　overseer；　one　M。　Theurault　（at　Sagonne）；　a

fiscal　attorney；　Baujard　（at　Blet）；　he　may　remove　them　〃in　case　they

make　no　returns。〃　〃The　rights　of　the　greffe　were　formerly　secured　to

the　seignior；　but　as　it　is　now　very　difficult　to　find　intelligent

persons　in　the　country　able　to　fulfill　its　functions；　the　seignior

abandons　his　rights　to　those　whom　it　may　concern。〃　（The　seignior　pays

forty…eight　livres　per　annum　to　the　bailly　to　hold　his　court　once　a

month；　and　twenty…four　livres　per　annum　to　the　fiscal　attorney　to

attend　them）。



He　receives　the　fines　and　confiscation　of　cattle　awarded　by　his

officers。　　The　profit　therefrom；　an　average　year；　is　eight　livres。



He　must　maintain　a　jail　and　a　jailer。　　（It　is　not　stated　whether

there　was　one）。　　No　sign　of　a　gibbet　is　found　in　the　seigniory。



He　may　appoint　twelve　notaries；　only　one；　in　fact；　is　appointed　at

Blet　〃and　he　has　nothing　to　do；〃　a　M。　Baujard；　fiscal　attorney。　　This

commission　is　assigned　him　gratuitously；　to　keep　up　the　privilege；

〃otherwise　it　would　be　impossible　to　find　any　one　sufficiently

intelligent　to　perform　its　functions。〃



He　appoints　a　sergeant；　but；　for　a　long　time；　this　sergeant　pays　no

rent　or　anything　for　his　lodging。



4。　　Personal　and　real　taille。　　In　Bourbonnais　the　taille　was　formerly

serf　and　the　serfs　mainmortable。　　〃Seigniors　still　possessing　rights　of

bordelage；　well　established　throughout　their　fiefs　and　courts；　at　the

present　time；　enjoy　rights　of　succession　to　their　vassals　in　all

cases；　even　to　the　prejudice　of　their　children　if　non…resident　and　no

longer　dwelling　under　their　roofs。〃　But　in　1255；　Hodes　de　Sully；

having　granted　a　charter；　renounced　this　right　of　real　and　personal

taille　for　a　right　of　bo