the origins of contemporary france-1-第117节
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rolled in the gutter。〃
Mercier grows uneasy in the face of the immense populace:
〃In Paris there are; probably; 200;000 persons with no property
intrinsically worth fifty crowns; and yet the city subsists!〃
Order; consequently; is maintained only through fear and by force;
owing to the soldiery of the watch who are called tristes…à…patte by
the crowd。 〃This nick name enrages this species of militia; who then
deal heavier blows around them; wounding indiscriminately all they
encounter。 The low class is always ready to make war on them because
it has never been fairly treated by them。〃 In fact; 〃a squad of the
guard often scatters; with no trouble; crowds of five or six hundred
men; at first greatly excited; but melting away in the twinkling of an
eye; after the soldiery have distributed a few blows and handcuffed
two or three of the ringleaders。〃 … Nevertheless; 〃were the people
of Paris abandoned to their true inclinations; did they not feel the
horse and foot guards behind them; the commissary and policeman; there
would be no limits to their disorder。 The populace; delivered from its
customary restraint; would give itself up to violence of so cruel a
stamp as not to know when to stop。 。 。 As long as white bread
lasts;'51' the commotion will not prove general; the flour market'52'
must interest itself in the matter; if the women are to remain
tranquil。 。 。 Should white bread be wanting for two market days in
succession; the uprising would be universal; and it is impossible to
foresee the lengths this multitude at bay will go to in order to
escape famine; they and their children。〃 …In 1789 white bread proves
to be wanting throughout France。
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Notes:
'1' Théron de Montaugé; 102; 113。 In the Toulousain ten parishes
out of fifty have schools。 … In Gascony; says the ass。 prov。 of Auch
(p。 24); 〃most of the rural districts are without schoolmasters or
parsonages。〃 … In 1778; the post between Paris and Toulouse runs only
three times a week; that of Toulouse by way of Alby; Rodez; etc。;
twice a week; for Beaumont; Saint…Girons; etc。; once a week。 〃In the
country;〃 says Théron de Montaugé; 〃one may be said to live in
solitude and exile。〃 In 1789 the Paris post reaches Besan?on three
times a week。 (Arthur Young; I。 257)。
'2' One of the Marquis de Mirabeau's expressions。
'3' Archives nationales; G。 300; letter of an excise director at
Coulommiers; Aug。 13; 1781。
'4' D'Argenson; VI。 425 (June 16; 1751)。
'5' De Montlosier; I。 102; 146。
'6' Théron de Montaugé; 102。
'7' Monsieur Nicolas; I。 448。
'8' 〃Tableaux de la Révolution;〃 by Schmidt; II。 7 (report by the
agent Perriere who lived in Auvergne。)
'9' Gouverneur Morris; II。 69; April 29; 1789。
'10' Mercier; 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。 83。
'11' De Vaublanc; 209。
'12' Mandrin; (Louis) (Saint étienne…de… Saint…Geoirs; Isère; 1724
… Valence; 1755)。 French smuggler who; after 1750; was active over an
enormous territory with the support of the population; hunted down by
the army; caught; condemned to death to be broken alive on the wheel。
(SR。)
'13' Arthur Young; I。 283 (Aug。 13; 1789); I。 289 (Aug。 19; 1789)。
'14' Archives nationales; H; 274。 Letters respectively of M。 de
Caraman (March 18 and April 12; 1789); M。 d'Eymar de Montmegran (April
2); M。 de la Tour (March 30)。 〃The sovereign's greatest benefit is
interpreted in the strangest manner by an ignorant populace。〃
'15' Doniol; 〃Hist。 Des classes rurales;〃 495。 (Letter of Aug。 3;
1789; to M。 de Clermont…Tonnerre)。
'16' Archives nationales; H。 1453。 (Letter of Aug。 3; 1789; to M。
de Clermont…Tonnere)。
'17' Procès…verbaux de l'ass。 Prov。 D'Orléanais;〃 p。 296。〃Distrusts
still prevails throughout the rural districts。 。 。 Your first orders
for departmental assemblies only awakened suspicion in certain
quarters。〃
'18' 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。 186。
'19' Mme。 Vigée…Lebrun; I。 158; (1788); I。 183 (1789)。
'20' Archives nationals; H。 723。 (Letter of M。 de Caumartin;
intendant at Besan?on; Dec。 5; 1788)。
'21' D'Argenson; March 13; 1752。
'22' 〃Corresp。;〃 of Métra; V; 179 (November 22; 1777)。
'23' Beugnot; I。 142。 〃No inhabitant of the barony of Choiseul
mingled with any of the bands composed of the patriots of Montigny;
smugglers and outcasts of the neighborhood。〃 … See; on the poachers of
the day; 〃Les deux amis de Bourbonne;〃 by Diderot。
'24' De Calonne; 〃Mémoires presentés à l'ass。 des notables;〃 No。 8。
… Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 I。 195。
'25' Letrosne; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 59。
'26' Archives nationales; H。 426。 (Mémoires of the farmers…general;
Jan。 13; 1781; Sept。 15; 1782)。 H; 614。 (Letter of M。 de Coetlosquet;
April 25; 1777)。 H; 1431。 Report by the farmers…general; March 9;
1787。
'27' Archives nationales; H; 1453。 Letter of the Baron de Bezenval;
June 19; 1789。
'28' 〃Mandrin;〃 by Paul Simian; passim。 … 〃Histoire de Beaume;〃
by Rossignol; p。 453。 … 〃Mandrin;〃 by Ch。 Jarrin (1875)。 Major Fisher;
who attacks and disperses the gang; writes that the affair is urgent
since; 〃higher to the North near Forez; one can find two or three
hundred vagrants who only wait for a chance to unite with them。〃
(p。47。)
'29' Mercier; XI。 116。
'30' See above; book I。 p。 55。
'31' Letrosne; ibid。 (1779); p。 539。
'32' Archives nationales; F16; 965; and H; 892。 (Ordinance of
August 4 1764; a circular of instructions of July 20; 1767; a letter
of a police lieutenant of Toulouse; September 21; 1787)。
'33' Archives nationales; H; 724; H; 554; F4 2397; F16 965。 …
Letters of the jailers of Carcassonne (June 22; 1789); of Béziers
(July 19; 1786); of Nimes (July 1; 1786); of the intendant; M。 d'Aine
(March 19; 1786)。
'34' Archives nationales; H; 554。 (Letter of M。 de Bertrand;
intendant of Rennes; August 7; 1785)。
'35' Archives nationales; H; 426。 (Remonstrances; Feb。 1783)。 … H;
554。 (Letter of M。 de Bertrand; Aug。 17; 1785)。
'36' Archives nationales; H; 614 (Mémoire by René de Hauteville;
parliamentary advocate; Saint…Brieuc; Dec。 25; 1776。)
'37' 〃Process…verbaux de l'ass。 Prov。 de Soissonnais〃 (1787) p。
457。
'38' Archives nationales; H; 616 (A letter of M。 De Boves;
intendant of Rennes; April 23; 1774)。
'39' Périn; 〃La Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 301。 (Doléances des
parroisses rurales en 1789)。
'40' Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvern。 de Normandie;〃 VII。 147…177 (1789)。 …
Boivin…Champeaux; 〃Notice hist。 sur la Révolution dans le département
de l'Eure;〃 p。 83 (1789)。
'41' Théron de Montaugé; p。 87。 (Letter of the prior of the
convent; March; 1789)。
'42' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'Ass。 prov。 de Lyonnais;〃 p。57。 …
Archives nationales; F4; 2073。 Memorandum of Jan。 24; 1788。
〃Charitable assistance is very limited; the provincial authorities
providing no resources for such accidents。〃
'43' Levasseur; 〃La France industrielle;〃 119。 … In 1862; the
population being almost triple (1 696 000) there are but 90 000
paupers。
'44' Albert Babeau; 〃Hist。 de Troyes;〃 I。 91。 (Letter of the mayor
Huez; July 30; 1788)。
'45' Floquet; VII; 506。
'46' Archives nationales; H; 1453。 (Letter of M。 de Sainte…Suzanne;
April 29; 1789)。
'47' Arthur Young; I。 256。
'48' 〃Correspond。 secrèt inédite;〃 from 1777 to 1792; published by
M。 de Lescure; II。 351 (May 8; 1789)。 Cf。 C。 Desmoulins; 〃La
Lanterne;〃 of 100 rioters arrested at Lyons 96 were branded。
'49' De Bezenval; II。 344; 350。 … Dussault; 〃La Prise de la
Bastille;〃 352。 … Marmontel; II; ch。 XIV; 249。 Mme。 Vigée…Lebrun; I。
177; 188。
'50' Mercier; I。 32; VI。 15; X。 179; XI。 59; XII。 83。 … Arthur
Young; I。 122。
'51' In the original; pain de Gonesse; … bread; made in a village
of this name near Paris; and renowned for its whiteness。 … TR。
'52' 〃Dialogues sur le commerce des blés;〃 by Galiani (1770)。 〃If
the strong of the markets are content; no misfortune will happen to
the administration。 The great conspire and rebel; the bourgeois
murmurs and lives a celibate; peasants and artisans despair and go
away; porters get up riots。〃
CHAPTER IV。 The Armed Forces。
I。
Military force declines。 … How the army is recruited。 … How the
soldier is treated。
Against universal sedition where is force? … The measures and
dispositions which govern the 150;000 men who maintain order are the
same as those ruling the 26 millions people subject to it。 We find
here the same abuses; disaffection; and other causes for the
dissolution of the nation which; in their turn; will dissolve the
army。
Of the 90 millions of pay'1' which