the origins of contemporary france-1-第114节

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romances　are　forged；　in　connection　the　famine　and　the　Bastille；　in

which　Louis　XVI。；　the　queen　Marie　Antoinette；　the　Comte　d'Artois；

Madame　de　Lamballe；　the　Polignacs；　the　revenue　farmers；　the　seigniors

and　ladies　of　high　rank　are　portrayed　as　vampires　and　ghouls。　　I　have

seen　many　editions　of　these　in　the　pamphlets　of　the　day；　in　the

engravings　not　exhibited；　and　among　popular　prints　and　illustrations；

the　latter　the　most　effective；　since　they　appeal　to　the　eye。　　They

surpass　the　stories　of　Mandrin＇12＇　and　Cartouche；　being　exactly

suitable　for　men　whose　literature　consists　of　the　popular　laments　of

Mandrin　and　Cartouche。







II。



Political　incapacity。　　…　Interpretation　of　political　rumors　and　of

government　action。



　　By　this　we　can　judge　of　their　political　intelligence。　　Every

object　appears　to　them　in　a　false　light；　they　are　like　children　who；

at　each　turn　of　the　road；　see　in　each　tree　or　bush　some　frightful

hobgoblin。　　Arthur　Young；　on　visiting　the　springs　near　Clermont；　is

arrested；＇13＇　and　the　people　want　to　imprison　a　woman；　his　guide；　some

of　the　bystanders　regarding　him　as　an　〃agent　of　the　Queen；　who

intended　to　blow　the　town　up　with　a　mine；　and　send　all　that　escaped　to

the　galleys。〃　Six　days　after　this；　beyond　Puy；　and　notwithstanding　his

passport；　the　village　guard　come　and　take　him　out　of　bed　at　eleven

o'clock　at　nights；　declaring　that　〃I　was　undoubtedly　a　conspirator

with　the　Queen；　the　Count　d'Artois　and　the　Count　d'Entragues　（who　has

property　here）；　who　had　employed　me　as　arpenteur　to　measure　their

fields　in　order　to　double　their　taxes。〃　We　here　take　the　unconscious；

apprehensive；　popular　imagination　in　the　act；　a　slight　indication；　a

word；　prompting　the　construction　of　either　air　castles　or　fantastic

dungeons；　and　seeing　these　as　plainly　as　if　they　were　so　many

substantial　realities。　　They　have　not　the　inward　resources　that　render

capable　of　separating　and　discerning；　their　conceptions　are　formed　in

a　lump；　both　object　and　fancy　appear　together　and　are　united　in　one

single　perception。　　At　the　moment　of　electing　deputies　the　report　is

current　in　Province＇14＇　that　〃the　best　of　kings　desires　perfect

equality；　that　there　are　to　be　no　more　bishops；　nor　seigniors；　nor

tithes；　nor　seigniorial　dues；　no　more　tithes　or　distinctions；　no　more

hunting　or　fishing　rights；　。　　。　　。　　that　the　people　are　to　be　wholly

relieved　of　taxation；　and　that　the　first　two　orders　alone　are　to

provide　the　expenses　of　the　government。〃　Whereupon　forty　or　fifty

riots　take　place　in　one　day。　　〃Several　communities　refuse　to　make　any

payments　to　their　treasurer　outside　of　royal　requisitions。〃　Others　do

better：　〃on　pillaging　the　strong…box　of　the　receiver　of　the　tax　on

leather　at　Brignolles；　they　shout　out　Vive　le　Roi！〃　〃The　peasant

constantly　asserts　his　pillage　and　destruction　to　be　in　conformity

with　the　king's　will。〃　A　little　later；　in　Auvergne；　the　peasants　who

burn　castles　are　to　display　〃much　repugnance〃　in　thus　maltreating

〃such　kind　seigniors；〃　but　they　allege　〃imperative　orders；　having　been

advised　that　the　king　wished　it。〃＇15＇　At　Lyons；　when　the　tapsters　of

the　town　and　the　peasants　of　the　neighborhood　trample　the　customs

officials　underfoot　they　believe　that　the　king　has　suspended　all

customs　dues　for　three　days。＇16＇　The　scope　of　their　imagination　is

proportionate　to　their　shortsightedness。　　〃Bread；　no　more　rents；　no

more　taxes！〃　is　the　sole　cry；　the　cry　of　want；　while　exasperated　want

plunges　ahead　like　a　famished　bull。　　Down　with　the　monopolist　！　…

storehouses　are　forced　open；　convoys　of　grain　are　stopped；　markets　are

pillaged；　bakers　are　hung；　and　the　price　of　bread　is　fixed　so　that

none　is　to　be　had　or　is　concealed。　　Down　with　the　octroi　！　　　…

barriers　are　demolished；　clerks　are　beaten；　money　is　wanting　in　the

towns　for　urgent　expenses。　　Burn　tax　registries；　account…books；

municipal　archives；　seigniors'　charter…safes；　convent　parchments；

every　detestable　document　creative　of　debtors　and　sufferers　！　The

village　itself　is　no　longer　able　to　preserve　its　parish　property。　　The

rage　against　any　written　document；　against　public　officers；　against

any　man　more　or　less　connected　with　grain；　is　blind　and　determined。

The　furious　animal　destroys　all；　although　wounding　himself；　driving

and　roaring　against　the　obstacle　that　ought　to　be　outflanked。





III。



Destructive　impulses。　　…　The　object　of　blind　rage。　　…　Distrust　of

natural　leaders。　　…　Suspicion　of　them　changed　into　hatred。　　…

Disposition　of　the　people　in　1789。



　　This　owing　to　the　absence　of　leaders　and　in　the　absence　of

organization；　a　mob　is　simply　a　herd。　　Its　mistrust　of　its　natural

leaders；　of　the　great；　of　the　wealthy；　of　persons　in　office　and

clothed　with　authority；　is　inveterate　and　incurable。　　Vainly　do　these

wish　it　well　and　do　it　good；　it　has　no　faith　in　their　humanity　or

disinterestedness。　　It　has　been　too　down…trodden；　it　entertains

prejudices　against　every　measure　proceeding　from　them；　even　the　most

liberal　and　the　most　beneficial。　　〃At　the　mere　mention　of　the　new

assemblies；〃　says　a　provincial　commission　in　1787；＇17＇　〃we　heard　a

workman　exclaim；　'What；　more　new　extortioners！'　〃　Superiors　of　every

kind　are　suspected；　and　from　suspicion　to　hostility　the　road　is　not

long。　　In　1788＇18＇　Mercier　declares　that　〃insubordination　has　been

manifest　for　some　years；　especially　among　the　trades。　　。　　。　　。　　Formerly；

on　entering　a　printing…office　the　men　took　off　their　hats。　　Now　they

content　themselves　with　staring　and　leering　at　you；　scarcely　have　you

crossed　threshold　when　you　yourself　more　lightly　spoken　of　than　if　you

were　one　of　them。〃　The　same　attitude　is　taken　by　the　peasants　in　the

environment　of　Paris；　Madame　Vigée…Lebrun；＇19＇　on　going　to　Romainville

to　visit　Marshal　de　Ségur；　remarks：　〃Not　only　do　they　not　remove　their

hats　but　they　regard　us　insolently；　some　of　them　even　threatened　us

with　clubs。〃　In　March　and　April　following　this；　her　guests　arrive　at

her　concert　in　consternation。　　〃In　the　morning；　at　the　promenade　of

Longchamps；　the　populace；　assembled　at　the　barrier　of　l'Etoile；

insulted　the　people　passing　by　in　carriages　in　the　grossest　manner；

some　of　the　wretches　on　the　footsteps　exclaiming：　'Next　year　you　shall

be　behind　the　carriage　and　we　inside。'　〃　At　the　close　of　the　year

1788；　the　stream　becomes　a　torrent　and　the　torrent　a　cataract。　　An

intendant＇20＇　writes　that；　in　his　province；　the　government　must

decide；　and　in　the　popular　sense；　to　separate　from　privileged　classes；

abandon　old　forms　and　give　the　Third…Estate　a　double　vote。　　The　clergy

and　the　nobles　are　detested；　and　their　supremacy　is　a　yoke。　　〃Last

July；〃　he　says；　〃the　old　States…General　would　have　been　received　with

pleasure　and　there　would　have　been　few　obstacles　to　its　formation。

During　the　past　five　months　minds　have　become　enlightened；　respective

interests　have　been　discussed；　and　leagues　formed。　　You　have　been　kept

in　ignorance　of　the　fermentation　which　is　at　its　height　among　all

classes　of　the　Third…Estate；　and　a　spark　will　kindle　the

conflagration。　　If　the　king's　decision　should　be　favorable　to　the　first

two　orders　a　general　insurrection　will　occur　throughout　the　provinces；

600；000　men　in　arms　and　the　horrors　of　the　Jacquerie。〃　The　word　is

spoken　and　the　reality　is　coming。　　An　insurrectionary　multitude

rejecting　its　natural　leaders　must　elect　or　submit　to　others。　　It　is

like　an　army　which；　entering　on　a　campaign；　finding　itself　without

officers；　the　vacancies　are　for　the　boldest；　most　violent；　those　most

oppressed　by　the　previous　rule；　and　who；　leading　the　advance；　shouting

〃forward〃　and　thus　form　the　leading　groups。　　In　1789；　the　bands　are

ready；　for；　below　the　suffering　people　there　is　yet　another　people

which　suffers　yet　more；　whose　insurrection　is　permanent；　and　which；

repressed；　persecuted；　and　obscure；　only　awaits　an　opportunity　to　come

out　of　its　hiding…place　and　openly　give　their　passions　free　vent。







IV。



Insurrectionary　leaders　and　recruits。　　…　Poachers。　　…　Smugglers　and

dealers　in　contraband　salt。　　…　Bandits。　　…　Beggars　and　vagabonds。　　…

Advent　of　brigands。　　…　The　people　of　Paris。



　　Vagrants；　recalcitrants　of　all　kinds；　fugitives　of　the　law　or　the

police；　beggars；　cripples；　foul；　filthy；　haggard　and　savage；　they　are

bred　by　the　social　injustice　of　the　system；　and　around　every　one　of

the　social　wounds　these　swarm　like　vermin。　　…　　Four　hundred

captaincies　protects　vast　quantities　of　game　feeding　on　the　crops

under　the　eyes　of　owners　of　the　land；　transforming　these　into

thousands　of　poachers；　the　more　dangerous　since　they　are　armed；　and

defy　the　most　terrible　laws。　　Already　in　1752＇21＇　are　seen　around　Paris

〃gatherings　of　fifty　or　sixty；　all　fully　armed　and　acting　as　if　on

regular　foraging　campaigns；　with　the　infantry　at　the　center　and　the

cavalry　on　the　wings。　　。　　。　　。　　They　live　in　the　forests　where　they　have

created　a　fortified　and　guarded　area　and　paying　exactly　for