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In¡¡state¡¡politics£»¡¡the¡¡polling¡¡showed¡¡that¡¡both¡¡parties¡¡were¡¡disgusted¡¡with¡¡their¡¡leadership¡¡and¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡public¡¡indifference¡¡to¡¡issues¡¡which¡¡kept¡¡people¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the¡¡polls¡£¡¡A¡¡comparison¡¡of¡¡the¡¡total¡¡vote¡¡cast¡¡in¡¡state¡¡elections¡¡in¡¡1882¡¡with¡¡that¡¡cast¡¡in¡¡the¡¡presidential¡¡election¡¡of¡¡1880£»¡¡showed¡¡a¡¡decline¡¡of¡¡over¡¡eight¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Republican¡¡vote¡¡and¡¡of¡¡nearly¡¡four¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Democratic¡¡vote¡£¡¡The¡¡most¡¡violent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡party¡¡changes¡¡that¡¡took¡¡place¡¡during¡¡this¡¡period¡¡occurred¡¡in¡¡the¡¡election¡¡of¡¡1882£»¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York¡¡State£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Republican¡¡vote¡¡showed¡¡a¡¡decline¡¡of¡¡over¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Democratic¡¡candidate¡¡for¡¡Governor¡¡was¡¡elected¡¡by¡¡a¡¡plurality¡¡of¡¡nearly¡¡that¡¡amount¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡this¡¡election¡¡which¡¡brought¡¡Grover¡¡Cleveland¡¡into¡¡national¡¡prominence¡£



CHAPTER¡¡III¡£¡¡THE¡¡ADVENT¡¡OF¡¡CLEVELAND

Popular¡¡dissatisfaction¡¡with¡¡the¡¡behavior¡¡of¡¡public¡¡authority¡¡had¡¡not¡¡up¡¡to¡¡this¡¡time¡¡extended¡¡to¡¡the¡¡formal¡¡Constitution¡£¡¡Schemes¡¡of¡¡radical¡¡rearrangement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡political¡¡institutions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡had¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡been¡¡agitated¡£¡¡New¡¡party¡¡movements¡¡were¡¡devoted¡¡to¡¡particular¡¡measures¡¡such¡¡as¡¡fresh¡¡greenback¡¡issues¡¡or¡¡the¡¡prohibition¡¡of¡¡liquor¡¡traffic¡£¡¡Popular¡¡reverence¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡was¡¡deep¡¡and¡¡strong£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡people¡¡to¡¡impute¡¡practical¡¡defects¡¡not¡¡to¡¡the¡¡governmental¡¡system¡¡itself¡¡but¡¡to¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡those¡¡acting¡¡in¡¡it¡£¡¡Burke£»¡¡as¡¡long¡¡ago¡¡as¡¡1770£»¡¡remarked¡¡truly¡¡that¡¡¡¨where¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡regular¡¡scheme¡¡of¡¡operations¡¡carried¡¡on£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡system¡¡and¡¡not¡¡any¡¡individual¡¡person¡¡who¡¡acts¡¡in¡¡it¡¡that¡¡is¡¡truly¡¡dangerous¡£¡¨¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡an¡¡inveterate¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡public¡¡opinion¡¡to¡¡mistake¡¡results¡¡for¡¡causes¡¡and¡¡to¡¡vent¡¡its¡¡resentment¡¡upon¡¡persons¡¡when¡¡misgovernment¡¡occurs¡£¡¡That¡¡disposition¡¡was¡¡bitterly¡¡intense¡¡at¡¡this¡¡period¡£¡¡¡¨Turn¡¡the¡¡rascals¡¡out¡¨¡¡was¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡campaign¡¡slogan¡¡of¡¡an¡¡opposition¡¡party£»¡¡and¡¡calumny¡¡formed¡¡the¡¡staple¡¡of¡¡its¡¡argument¡£¡¡Of¡¡course¡¡no¡¡party¡¡could¡¡establish¡¡exclusive¡¡proprietorship¡¡to¡¡such¡¡tactics£»¡¡and¡¡whichever¡¡party¡¡might¡¡be¡¡in¡¡power¡¡in¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡locality¡¡was¡¡cast¡¡for¡¡the¡¡villain's¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡political¡¡drama¡£¡¡But¡¡as¡¡changes¡¡of¡¡party¡¡control¡¡took¡¡place£»¡¡experience¡¡taught¡¡that¡¡the¡¡only¡¡practical¡¡result¡¡was¡¡to¡¡introduce¡¡new¡¡players¡¡into¡¡the¡¡same¡¡old¡¡game¡£¡¡Such¡¡experience¡¡spread¡¡among¡¡the¡¡people¡¡a¡¡despairing¡¡feeling¡¡that¡¡American¡¡politics¡¡were¡¡hopelessly¡¡depraved£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡it¡¡gave¡¡them¡¡a¡¡deep¡¡yearning¡¡for¡¡some¡¡strong¡¡deliverer¡£¡¡To¡¡this¡¡messianic¡¡hope¡¡of¡¡politics¡¡may¡¡be¡¡ascribed¡¡what¡¡is¡¡in¡¡some¡¡respects¡¡the¡¡most¡¡remarkable¡¡career¡¡in¡¡the¡¡political¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡The¡¡rapid¡¡and¡¡fortuitous¡¡rise¡¡of¡¡Grover¡¡Cleveland¡¡to¡¡political¡¡eminence¡¡is¡¡without¡¡a¡¡parallel¡¡in¡¡the¡¡records¡¡of¡¡American¡¡statesmanship£»¡¡notwithstanding¡¡many¡¡instances¡¡of¡¡public¡¡distinction¡¡attained¡¡from¡¡humble¡¡beginnings¡£

The¡¡antecedents¡¡of¡¡Cleveland¡¡were¡¡Americans¡¡of¡¡the¡¡best¡¡type¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡descended¡¡from¡¡a¡¡colonial¡¡stock¡¡which¡¡had¡¡settled¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Connecticut¡¡Valley¡£¡¡His¡¡earliest¡¡ancestor¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡there¡¡is¡¡any¡¡exact¡¡knowledge¡¡was¡¡Aaron¡¡Cleveland£»¡¡an¡¡Episcopal¡¡clergyman£»¡¡who¡¡died¡¡at¡¡East¡¡Haddam£»¡¡Connecticut£»¡¡in¡¡1757£»¡¡after¡¡founding¡¡a¡¡family¡¡which¡¡in¡¡every¡¡generation¡¡furnished¡¡recruits¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ministry¡£¡¡It¡¡argues¡¡a¡¡hereditary¡¡disposition¡¡for¡¡independent¡¡judgment¡¡that¡¡among¡¡these¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡marked¡¡variation¡¡in¡¡denominational¡¡choice¡£¡¡Aaron¡¡Cleveland¡¡was¡¡so¡¡strong¡¡in¡¡his¡¡attachment¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Anglican¡¡church¡¡that¡¡to¡¡be¡¡ordained¡¡he¡¡went¡¡to¡¡Englandunder¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡travel¡¡in¡¡those¡¡days¡¡a¡¡hard£»¡¡serious¡¡undertaking¡£¡¡His¡¡son£»¡¡also¡¡named¡¡Aaron£»¡¡became¡¡a¡¡Congregational¡¡minister¡£¡¡Two¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sons¡¡of¡¡the¡¡younger¡¡Aaron¡¡became¡¡ministers£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡an¡¡Episcopalian¡¡like¡¡his¡¡grandfather¡£¡¡Another¡¡son£»¡¡William£»¡¡who¡¡became¡¡a¡¡prosperous¡¡silversmith£»¡¡was¡¡for¡¡many¡¡years¡¡a¡¡deacon¡¡in¡¡the¡¡church¡¡in¡¡which¡¡his¡¡father¡¡preached¡£¡¡William¡¡sent¡¡his¡¡second¡¡son£»¡¡Richard£»¡¡to¡¡Yale£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡graduated¡¡with¡¡honors¡¡at¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡nineteen¡£¡¡He¡¡turned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Presbyterian¡¡church£»¡¡studied¡¡theology¡¡at¡¡Princeton£»¡¡and¡¡upon¡¡receiving¡¡ordination¡¡began¡¡a¡¡ministerial¡¡career¡¡which¡¡like¡¡that¡¡of¡¡many¡¡preachers¡¡was¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡in¡¡many¡¡pastorates¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡settled¡¡at¡¡Caldwell£»¡¡New¡¡Jersey£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡third¡¡pastorate£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡Stephen¡¡Grover¡¡Cleveland¡¡was¡¡born£»¡¡on¡¡March¡¡18£»¡¡1837£»¡¡the¡¡fifth¡¡in¡¡a¡¡family¡¡of¡¡children¡¡that¡¡eventually¡¡increased¡¡to¡¡nine¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡named¡¡after¡¡the¡¡Presbyterian¡¡minister¡¡who¡¡was¡¡his¡¡father's¡¡predecessor¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡name¡¡soon¡¡dropped¡¡out¡¡of¡¡use£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡childhood¡¡he¡¡went¡¡by¡¡his¡¡middle¡¡name£»¡¡a¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Clevelands¡¡supply¡¡so¡¡many¡¡instances¡¡that¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡be¡¡quite¡¡a¡¡family¡¡trait¡£

In¡¡campaign¡¡literature£»¡¡so¡¡much¡¡has¡¡been¡¡made¡¡of¡¡the¡¡humble¡¡circumstances¡¡in¡¡which¡¡Grover¡¡made¡¡his¡¡start¡¡in¡¡life¡¡that¡¡the¡¡unwary¡¡reader¡¡might¡¡easily¡¡imagine¡¡that¡¡the¡¡future¡¡President¡¡was¡¡almost¡¡a¡¡waif¡£¡¡Nothing¡¡could¡¡be¡¡farther¡¡from¡¡the¡¡truth¡£¡¡He¡¡really¡¡belonged¡¡to¡¡the¡¡most¡¡authentic¡¡aristocracy¡¡that¡¡any¡¡state¡¡of¡¡society¡¡can¡¡producethat¡¡which¡¡maintains¡¡its¡¡standards¡¡and¡¡principles¡¡from¡¡generation¡¡to¡¡generation¡¡by¡¡the¡¡integrity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stock¡¡without¡¡any¡¡endowment¡¡of¡¡wealth¡£¡¡The¡¡Clevelands¡¡were¡¡people¡¡who¡¡reared¡¡large¡¡families¡¡and¡¡sustained¡¡themselves¡¡with¡¡dignity¡¡and¡¡credit¡¡on¡¡narrow¡¡means¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡settled¡¡tradition¡¡with¡¡such¡¡republican¡¡aristocrats¡¡that¡¡a¡¡son¡¡destined¡¡for¡¡a¡¡learned¡¡professionusually¡¡the¡¡ministryshould¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡college£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡that¡¡purpose¡¡heroic¡¡economies¡¡were¡¡practiced¡¡in¡¡the¡¡family¡£¡¡The¡¡opportunities¡¡which¡¡wealth¡¡can¡¡confer¡¡are¡¡really¡¡trivial¡¡in¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡the¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡being¡¡born¡¡and¡¡reared¡¡in¡¡such¡¡bracing¡¡conditions¡¡as¡¡those¡¡which¡¡surrounded¡¡Grover¡¡Cleveland¡£¡¡As¡¡a¡¡boy¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡clerk¡¡in¡¡a¡¡country¡¡store£»¡¡but¡¡his¡¡education¡¡was¡¡not¡¡neglected¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡fifteen¡¡he¡¡was¡¡studying£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡view¡¡to¡¡entering¡¡college¡£¡¡His¡¡father's¡¡death¡¡ended¡¡that¡¡prospect¡¡and¡¡forced¡¡him¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡work¡¡again¡¡to¡¡help¡¡support¡¡the¡¡family¡£¡¡Some¡¡two¡¡years¡¡later£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡family¡¡circumstances¡¡were¡¡sufficiently¡¡eased¡¡so¡¡that¡¡he¡¡could¡¡strike¡¡out¡¡for¡¡himself£»¡¡he¡¡set¡¡off¡¡westward£»¡¡intending¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡Cleveland¡£¡¡Arriving¡¡at¡¡Buffalo£»¡¡he¡¡called¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡married¡¡aunt£»¡¡who£»¡¡on¡¡learning¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡planning¡¡t

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