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ve¡¡some¡¡friend¡¡act¡¡for¡¡him¡¡while¡¡he¡¡rested¡£¡¡According¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¨Washington¡¡Star£»¡¨¡¡Senator¡¡Gallinger¡¡was¡¡¡¨his¡¡favorite¡¡helper¡¡in¡¡this£»¡¡for¡¡he¡¡has¡¡a¡¡good¡¡round¡¡voice¡¡that¡¡never¡¡tires£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡likes¡¡to¡¡read¡¡aloud¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡pages¡¡of¡¡material¡¡which¡¡Senator¡¡Quay¡¡had¡¡collected¡¡for¡¡use£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡apparently¡¡inexhaustible¡¡stores¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡he¡¡was¡¡drawing£»¡¡were¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡numerous¡¡descriptive¡¡articles¡¡in¡¡the¡¡newspapers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡day¡£¡¡Senator¡¡Quay's¡¡tactics¡¡were¡¡so¡¡successful£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡received¡¡numerous¡¡congratulatory¡¡telegrams¡¡from¡¡those¡¡whose¡¡interests¡¡he¡¡was¡¡championing¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡been¡¡defeated¡¡at¡¡the¡¡polls¡¡in¡¡their¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡control¡¡legislation£»¡¡and¡¡defeated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡House¡¡of¡¡Representatives£»¡¡but¡¡now¡¡they¡¡were¡¡victorious¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Senate¡£

The¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡Senator¡¡Quay¡¡were¡¡tried¡¡by¡¡other¡¡Senators¡¡on¡¡both¡¡sides£»¡¡though¡¡they¡¡were¡¡less¡¡frank¡¡in¡¡their¡¡avowal¡£¡¡After¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡was¡¡over£»¡¡Senator¡¡Vest¡¡of¡¡Missouri£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡in¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill£»¡¡declared£º

¡¨I¡¡have¡¡not¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡whom¡¡I¡¡would¡¡place¡¡in¡¡the¡¡position¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡occupied¡¡as¡¡a¡¡member¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Finance¡¡Committee¡¡under¡¡the¡¡rules¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡£¡¡I¡¡would¡¡put¡¡no¡¡man¡¡where¡¡I¡¡have¡¡been£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡blackmailed¡¡and¡¡driven¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡a¡¡bill¡¡that¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡welfare¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡by¡¡Senators¡¡who¡¡desired¡¡to¡¡force¡¡amendments¡¡upon¡¡me¡¡against¡¡my¡¡better¡¡judgment¡¡and¡¡compel¡¡me¡¡to¡¡decide¡¡the¡¡question¡¡whether¡¡I¡¡will¡¡take¡¡any¡¡bill¡¡at¡¡all¡¡or¡¡a¡¡bill¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡distorted¡¡by¡¡their¡¡views¡¡and¡¡objects¡£¡¡Sir£»¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡'lags¡¡superfluous¡¡on¡¡the¡¡stage'¡¡today¡¡with¡¡the¡¡American¡¡people£»¡¡because¡¡in¡¡an¡¡age¡¡of¡¡progress£»¡¡advance£»¡¡and¡¡aggressive¡¡reform£»¡¡we¡¡sit¡¡here¡¡day¡¡after¡¡day¡¡and¡¡week¡¡after¡¡week£»¡¡while¡¡copies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡census¡¡reports£»¡¡almanacs£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡novels¡¡are¡¡read¡¡to¡¡us£»¡¡and¡¡under¡¡our¡¡rules¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡help¡¡for¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡except¡¡to¡¡listen¡¡or¡¡leave¡¡the¡¡chamber¡£¡¨

The¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡in¡¡anything¡¡like¡¡the¡¡form¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡was¡¡plainly¡¡impossible¡¡without¡¡a¡¡radical¡¡change¡¡in¡¡the¡¡rules£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡neither¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chamber¡¡was¡¡there¡¡any¡¡real¡¡desire¡¡for¡¡an¡¡amendment¡¡of¡¡procedure¡£¡¡A¡¡number¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Democratic¡¡Senators¡¡who¡¡believed¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡desirable¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡on¡¡good¡¡terms¡¡with¡¡business¡¡interests¡¡were£»¡¡in¡¡reality£»¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡House¡¡bill¡£¡¡Their¡¡efforts¡¡to¡¡control¡¡the¡¡situation¡¡were¡¡favored¡¡by¡¡the¡¡habitual¡¡disposition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡when¡¡dealing¡¡with¡¡business¡¡interests£»¡¡to¡¡decide¡¡questions¡¡by¡¡private¡¡conference¡¡and¡¡personal¡¡agreements£»¡¡while¡¡maintaining¡¡a¡¡surface¡¡show¡¡of¡¡party¡¡controversy¡£¡¡Hence£»¡¡Senator¡¡Gorman¡¡of¡¡Maryland¡¡was¡¡able¡¡to¡¡make¡¡arrangements¡¡for¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡what¡¡became¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Gorman¡¡Compromise¡¡Bill£»¡¡which¡¡radically¡¡altered¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡measure¡¡by¡¡the¡¡adoption¡¡of¡¡634¡¡amendments¡£¡¡It¡¡passed¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡on¡¡the¡¡3rd¡¡of¡¡July¡¡by¡¡a¡¡vote¡¡of¡¡thirty¡­nine¡¡to¡¡thirty¡­four¡£

The¡¡next¡¡step¡¡was¡¡the¡¡appointment¡¡of¡¡a¡¡committee¡¡of¡¡conference¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡Houses£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡members¡¡for¡¡the¡¡House¡¡showed¡¡an¡¡unusual¡¡determination¡¡to¡¡resist¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡19th¡¡of¡¡July£»¡¡the¡¡conferees¡¡reported¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡failed¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡an¡¡agreement¡£¡¡When¡¡President¡¡Cleveland¡¡permitted¡¡the¡¡publication¡¡of¡¡a¡¡letter¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡written¡¡to¡¡Chairman¡¡Wilson¡¡condemning¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡bill£»¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡was¡¡disclosed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Administration¡¡had¡¡been¡¡used¡¡to¡¡stiffen¡¡the¡¡opposition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡House¡£¡¡Senator¡¡Gorman¡¡and¡¡other¡¡Democratic¡¡Senators¡¡made¡¡sharp¡¡replies£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡party¡¡quarrel¡¡became¡¡so¡¡bitter¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡soon¡¡evident¡¡that¡¡no¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡tariff¡¡bill¡¡could¡¡pass¡¡the¡¡Senate¡£

The¡¡House¡¡leaders¡¡now¡¡reaped¡¡a¡¡great¡¡advantage¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Reed¡¡rules¡¡to¡¡the¡¡adoption¡¡of¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡so¡¡bitterly¡¡opposed¡£¡¡Availing¡¡themselves¡¡of¡¡the¡¡effective¡¡means¡¡of¡¡crushing¡¡obstruction¡¡provided¡¡by¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Rules¡¡Committee£»¡¡in¡¡one¡¡day¡¡they¡¡passed¡¡the¡¡Tariff¡¡Bill¡¡as¡¡amended¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡which¡¡eventually¡¡became¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡passed¡¡separate¡¡bills¡¡putting¡¡on¡¡the¡¡free¡¡list¡¡coal£»¡¡barbed¡¡wire£»¡¡and¡¡sugar¡£¡¡These¡¡bills¡¡had¡¡no¡¡effect¡¡other¡¡than¡¡to¡¡put¡¡on¡¡record¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡House£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡were¡¡of¡¡course¡¡subsequently¡¡held¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Senate¡£¡¡This¡¡unwonted¡¡insubordination¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡House¡¡excited¡¡much¡¡angry¡¡comment¡¡from¡¡dissatisfied¡¡Senators¡£¡¡President¡¡Cleveland¡¡was¡¡accused¡¡of¡¡unconstitutional¡¡interference¡¡in¡¡the¡¡proceedings¡¡of¡¡Congress£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡House¡¡was¡¡blamed¡¡for¡¡submitting¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡and¡¡passing¡¡the¡¡amended¡¡bill¡¡without¡¡going¡¡through¡¡the¡¡usual¡¡form¡¡of¡¡conference¡¡and¡¡adjustment¡¡of¡¡differences¡£¡¡Senator¡¡Sherman¡¡of¡¡Ohio¡¡remarked¡¡that¡¡¡¨there¡¡are¡¡many¡¡cases¡¡in¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡where¡¡enactment¡¡was¡¡not¡¡intended¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Senate¡£¡¡For¡¡instance£»¡¡innumerable¡¡amendments¡¡were¡¡put¡¡on¡¡by¡¡Senators¡¡on¡¡both¡¡sides¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chamber¡£¡£¡£¡¡to¡¡give¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡of¡¡Conference¡¡a¡¡chance¡¡to¡¡think¡¡of¡¡the¡¡matter£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡are¡¡all¡¡adopted£»¡¡whatever¡¡may¡¡be¡¡their¡¡language¡¡or¡¡the¡¡incongruity¡¡with¡¡other¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill¡£¡¨

The¡¡bitter¡¡feeling£»¡¡excited¡¡by¡¡the¡¡summary¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡enactment¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡House£»¡¡was¡¡intensified¡¡by¡¡President¡¡Cleveland's¡¡treatment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡measure¡£¡¡While¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡veto¡¡it£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡not¡¡sign¡¡it¡¡but¡¡allowed¡¡it¡¡to¡¡become¡¡law¡¡by¡¡expiration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ten¡¡days¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡could¡¡reject¡¡it¡£¡¡He¡¡set¡¡forth¡¡his¡¡reasons¡¡in¡¡a¡¡letter¡¡on¡¡August¡¡27£»¡¡1894£»¡¡to¡¡Representative¡¡Catchings¡¡of¡¡Missouri£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡sharply¡¡commented¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡incidents¡¡accompanying¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡and¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡declared£º

¡¨I¡¡take¡¡my¡¡place¡¡with¡¡the¡¡rank¡¡and¡¡file¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Democratic¡¡party¡¡who¡¡believe¡¡in¡¡tariff¡¡reform£»¡¡and¡¡who¡¡know¡¡what¡¡it¡¡is£»¡¡who¡¡refuse¡¡to¡¡accept¡¡the¡¡result¡¡embodied¡¡in¡¡this¡¡bill¡¡as¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡not¡¡blinded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡livery¡¡of¡¡Democratic¡¡tariff¡¡reform¡¡has¡¡been¡¡stolen¡¡and¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡service¡¡of¡¡Republican¡¡protection£»¡¡and¡¡who¡¡have¡¡marked¡¡the¡¡places¡¡where¡¡the¡¡deadly¡¡blight¡¡of¡¡treason¡¡has¡¡blasted¡¡the¡¡counsels¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brave¡¡in¡¡their¡¡hour¡¡of¡¡might¡£¡¨

The¡¡letter¡¡was¡¡written¡¡throughout¡¡with¡¡a¡¡fervor¡¡rare¡¡in¡¡President¡¡Cleveland's¡¡papers£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡had¡¡a¡¡scorching¡¡effect¡£¡¡Senator¡¡Gorman¡¡and¡¡some¡¡other¡¡Democratic¡¡Senators¡¡lost¡¡their¡¡seats¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡people¡¡had¡¡a¡¡chance¡¡to¡¡express¡¡their¡¡will¡£

The¡¡circumstances¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tariff¡¡struggle¡¡greatly¡¡increased¡¡popular¡¡discontent¡¡with¡¡the¡¡way¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡was¡¡being¡¡conducted¡¡at¡¡Washington¡£¡¡It¡¡became¡¡a¡¡common¡¡belief¡¡that¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡system¡¡of¡¡government¡¡was¡¡that¡¡the¡¡trusts¡¡paid¡¡the¡¡campaign¡¡expenses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡politicians¡¡and¡¡in¡¡return¡¡the¡¡politicians¡¡allowed¡¡the¡¡trusts¡¡to¡¡frame¡¡the¡¡tariff¡¡schedules¡£¡¡Evidence¡¡in¡¡support¡¡of¡¡this¡¡view¡¡was¡¡furnished¡¡by¡¡testimony¡¡taken¡¡in¡¡the¡¡investigation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sugar¡¡scandal¡¡in¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡of¡¡1894¡£¡¡Charges¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡newspapers¡¡that¡¡some¡¡Senators¡¡had¡¡speculated¡¡in¡¡sugar¡¡stocks¡¡during¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡they¡¡were¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡legislation¡¡affecting¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡those¡¡stocks¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡admitted¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡stock¡¡purchases£»¡¡but¡¡denied¡¡that¡¡their¡¡legislative¡¡action¡¡had¡¡been¡¡guided¡¡by¡¡their¡¡investments¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡investigation£»¡¡H¡£¡¡O¡£¡¡Havemeyer£»¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sugar¡¡Trust£»¡¡admitted¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡to¡¡subsidize¡¡party¡¡management¡£¡¡¡¨It¡¡is¡¡my¡¡impression£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡said£»¡¡¡¨that¡¡whenever¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡dominant¡¡party£»¡¡wherever¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡is¡¡large£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡the¡¡party¡¡that¡¡gets¡¡the¡¡contribution¡¡because¡¡that¡¡is¡¡the¡¡party¡¡which¡¡controls¡¡the¡¡local¡¡matters¡£¡¨¡¡He¡¡explained¡¡that¡¡this¡¡system¡¡was¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡because¡¡the¡¡company¡¡had¡¡large¡¡interests¡¡which¡¡needed¡¡protection£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡declared¡¡¡¨every¡¡individual¡¡and¡¡corporation¡¡and¡¡firm£»¡¡trust£»¡¡or¡¡whatever¡¡you¡¡call¡¡it£»¡¡does¡¡these¡¡things¡¡and¡¡we¡¡do¡¡them¡£¡¨

During¡¡the¡¡tariff¡¡struggle£»¡¡a¡¡movement¡¡took¡¡place¡¡which¡¡was¡¡an¡¡evidence¡¡of¡¡popular¡¡discontent¡¡of¡¡another¡¡sort¡£¡¡At¡¡first¡¡it¡¡caused¡¡great¡¡uneasiness£»¡¡but¡¡eventually¡¡the¡¡manifestation¡¡became¡¡more¡¡grotesque¡¡than¡¡alarming¡£¡¡Jacob¡¡S¡£¡¡Coxey¡¡of¡¡Massillon£»¡¡Ohio£»¡¡a¡¡smart¡¡specimen¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡type¡¡of¡¡handy¡¡business¡¡man£»¡¡announced¡¡that¡¡he¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡send¡¡a¡¡petition¡¡to¡¡Washington¡¡wearing¡¡boots¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡conveniently¡¡shelved¡¡by¡¡being¡¡stuck¡¡away¡¡in¡¡a¡¡pigeonhole¡£¡¡He¡¡thereupon¡¡proceeded¡¡to¡¡lead¡¡a¡¡march¡¡of¡¡the¡¡unemployed£»¡¡which¡¡started¡¡from¡¡Massillon¡¡on¡¡March¡¡25£»¡¡1894£»¡¡with¡¡about¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡men¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ranks¡£¡¡These¡¡crusaders¡¡Coxey¡¡described¡¡as¡¡the¡¡¡¨Army¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Commonweal¡¡of¡¡Christ£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡their¡¡purpose¡¡was¡¡to¡¡proclaim¡¡the¡¡wants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡on¡¡the¡¡steps¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Capitol¡¡on¡¡the¡¡1st¡¡of¡¡May¡£¡¡The¡¡leader¡¡of¡¡this¡¡band¡¡called¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡honest¡¡working¡¡classes¡¡to¡¡join¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡gained¡¡recruits¡¡as¡¡he¡¡advanced¡£¡¡Similar¡¡movements¡¡started¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¨The¡¡United¡¡States¡¡Industrial¡¡Army£»¡¨¡¡headed¡¡by¡¡one¡¡Frye£»¡¡started¡¡from¡¡Los¡¡Angeles¡¡and¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡numbered¡¡from¡¡six¡¡to¡¡eight¡¡hundred¡¡men£»¡¡they¡¡reached¡¡St¡£¡¡Louis¡¡by¡¡swarming¡¡on¡¡the¡¡freight¡¡trains¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Southern¡¡Pacific¡¡road¡¡and¡¡thereafter¡¡continued¡¡on¡¡foot¡£¡¡A¡¡band¡¡under¡¡a¡¡leader¡¡named¡¡Kelly¡¡started¡¡from¡¡San¡¡Francisco¡¡on¡¡the¡¡4th¡¡of¡¡April¡¡and¡¡by¡¡commandeering¡¡freight¡¡trains¡¡reached¡¡Council¡¡Bluffs£»¡¡Iowa£»¡¡whence¡¡they¡¡marched¡¡to¡¡Des¡¡Moines¡£¡¡There£»¡¡they¡¡went¡¡into¡¡camp¡¡with¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡as¡¡many¡¡as¡¡twelve¡¡hundred¡¡men¡£¡¡They¡¡eventually¡¡obtained¡¡flatboats£»¡¡on¡¡which¡¡they¡¡floated¡¡down¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡¡and¡¡then¡¡pushed¡¡up¡¡the¡¡Ohio¡¡to¡¡a¡¡point¡¡in¡¡Kentucky¡¡whence¡¡they¡¡proceeded¡¡on¡¡foot¡£¡¡Attempts¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡such¡¡bands¡¡to¡¡seize¡¡trains¡¡brought¡¡them¡¡into¡¡conflict¡¡with¡¡the¡¡authorities¡¡at¡¡some¡¡points¡£¡¡For¡¡instance£»¡¡a¡¡detachment¡¡of¡¡regular¡¡troops¡¡in¡¡Montana¡¡captured¡¡a¡¡band¡¡c

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