philosophy of nature-第1节
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Philosophy of Nature
by Hegel
Table of Contents
Preliminary
§ 192 Nature has presented itself as the idea in the form of otherness。
§ 193 Hence nature exhibits no freedom in its existence; but only necessity and contingency。
§ 194 Nature is to be viewed as a system of stages; in which one stage necessarily arises from
the other。
§ 195 Nature is; in itself a living whole。
§ 196 The idea as nature can be named mathematics; physics; and physiology。
PART I: Mathematics
§ 197 The immediate determination of nature is the abstract generality of its
self…externality;…Space。
§ 198 The three dimensions are merely diverse and quite indeterminate。
§ 199 The relation of the point to space is the line; and the line passes over into the plane。
§ 200 Negativity; thus posited for itself is time。
§ 201 Time; as the negative unity of being outside of itself; is just as thoroughly abstract; ideal
being。
§ 202 The dimensions of time; the present; future; and past; are only that which is becoming and
its dissolution。
§ 203 Space and time constitute the idea in and for itself; with space the real or immediately
objective side and time the purely subjective side。
PART II: Inorganic Physics
§ 204 The unity of attraction and repulsion is gravity。
§ 205 Matter is only (1) matter existing in itself or general; (2) elementary matter; and (3)
Individualised matter。
A。 Mechanics
§ 206 Matter; as simply general; has at first only a quantitative difference。
§ 208 The body is the indifferent content of space and time; in contrast to this form。
§ 208 As the unity which binds time & space; the body essentially has motion; and the
appearance of gravity。
§ 209 In motion; time posits itself spatially as place; but this indifferent spatiality becomes
temporal。
§ 210 Gravitation is the true and determinate concept of material corporeality。
§ 211 One body; therefore; is the general center of being in itself。; the particular bodies are
others。
§ 212 What Kepler articulated in the form of laws of celestial motion; Newton converted into the
nonconceptual; reflective form of the force of gravity。
§ 213 Lack their own centrality is striving towards the center lying outside of them。
§ 214 The Galilean law of falling the liberation of the conceptual determinations of time and
space。
§ 215 The law of inertia is taken from the nature of the motion of dependent bodies; for which
the motion is external。
§ 216 The difference between central and dependent bodies is in the implicit being of gravity。
§ 217 The determinacy of matter constitutes its being。
B。 Elementary Physics
§ 218 The determination of an element is the being for itself of matter。
___(a) Elementary Particles
§ 219 This existing self of matter is light。
§ 220 As the abstract self of matter; light is absolutely lightweight; and as matter; infinite。
§ 221 The ineptitude; tastelessness; even dishonesty of Newton's observations and
experimentations。
§ 222 Light is the active identity which posits everything as identical。
§ 223 The lunar and the cometary body。
§ 224 The earth or the planet。
___(b) The Elements
§ 225 The body of individuality constitute general physical elements。
§ 226 Air is a transparent but just as elastic fluid; which absorbs and penetrates everything。
§ 227 Fire is materialised time。
§ 228 Water can assume a gaseous and a solid state apart from its characteristic state of internal
indeterminacy。
§ 229 Earth is the element of the developed difference。
___(c) The Elementary Process
§ 230 The meteorological process。
§ 231 The earth is continuously ignited by its primordial relationship to the sun。
§ 232 The thunderstorm。
§ 233 The elements present themselves as being unified together in concrete points of unity。
C。 The Physics of Individuality
§ 234 The individual body is matter; brought together by the particularity of the elements。
___(a) Shape
§ 235 Shape is the specific inward coherence of matter and its external border in space。
§ 236 Density of matter; the relation of the weight of its mass to the volume。
§ 237 Brittleness。
§ 238 Magnetism。
§ 239 The sphere; the shape of the real absence of shape。
§ 240 Cohesion。
§ 241 Crystallisation。
§ 242 The body retains its individual determinacy in resistance to external force。
§ 243 Noise。
§ 244 Capacity for heat。
___(b) The Particularisation of Differences
§ 245 The ancient; general idea that each body consists of the four elements。
§ 246 Opacity; colour; odour saltiness; acidity; and taste。
§ 247 These bodies are isolated from each other; but as individuals they also stand in relation to
each other。
§ 248 Sound; electricity。
§ 249 Positive and negative electricity is an instance of how empiricism suspends itself。
§ 250 The chemical process。
___(c) The Process of Isolation
§ 251 The chemical process has its products as a presupposition。
§ 252 The decomposition of water into opposed moments。
§ 253 Oxidation。
§ 254 Nitrogen。
§ 255 Nitrogen; oxygen; hydrogen and carbon;。
§ 256 Salt。
§ 257 Empirical chemistry orders the products according to superficial and abstract
determinations。
§ 258 The chemical process is; in general terms; life。
§ 259 The immediate chemical process; — the organism。
PART III: Organic Physics
§ 260 The individual body has attained selfhood and become subjective。 。。。 the idea has entered
into existence; initially as an immediate existence; Life。
A。 Geological Nature
§ 261 Presupposed by subjective totality itself the body of the earth is only the shape of the
organism。
§ 262 Forms manifest themselves as the unfolding of an underlying idea; a past one。
§ 263 Mountain ranges; and so on。
§ 264 The physical organisation of the earth shows a series of stages of granitic activity。
§ 265 General individuality now emerges for itself and life becomes vital or real。
B。 Vegetable Nature
§ 266 The plant differentiates itself into distinct parts and falls into pieces as several individuals。
§ 267 Reproduction of the single individual coincides in this way with the process of genus
formation。
§ 268 Life is essentially the concept which realises itself only through self…division and
reunification。
§ 269 The plant is torn out of itself by light and multiplied into a multiplicity。
§ 270 The plant brings forth its light as its own self in the blossom。
§ 271 The plant in this way offers itself as a sacrifice。
§ 272 The plant suspends the immediate individuality; and grounds the transition into the higher
organism。
C。 Animal Organism
§ 273 In its outward process the organism inwardly preserves the unity of the self。
§ 274 The animal has contingent self…movement because its subjectivity is ideality torn from
gravity。
§ 275 It is only as a selfreproducing entity; not as an existing one; that the animal organism is
living。
§ 276 Sensibility; irritability and reproduction。。
§ 277 The animal divides itself into three systems; the head; thorax; and the abdomen。
§ 278 The idea of the living organism is the manifested unity of the concept with its reality。
§ 279 The simple feeling of self。
§ 280 Animal organisation differentiates itself into the multiple sensory qualities of inorganic
nature。
§ 281 The senses。
§ 282 Only what is living feels a lack。
§ 283 The animal is an individual entity; and therefore turns back constantly from its satisfaction
to need。
§ 284 The seizure of the external object is the beginning of the unification of the object with the
living animal。
§ 285 The opposition of the subject to its immediate assimilation。
§ 286 Digestion。
§ 287 The end product of its activity are that which it already is originally and at the beginning。
§ 288 Sexual difference。
§ 289 Sex drive。
§ 290 The inadequacy of its single actuality drives each to have its self…feeling only in the other of
its genus。
§ 291 The product is only implicitly this genus and distinct from the individuals which have
perished in it。
§ 292 Comparative anatomy seeks to arrange its material to accord with reason。
§ 293 The individual organism can not accord with its determination。
§ 294 Disease; fever and healing。
§ 295 Medicine provokes the organism to remove the inorganic power with which it is
entangled。
§ 296 The animal's subjectivity is only the concept in itself but not itself for itself 。
§ 297 In death the individual achieves only an abstract objectivity。
§ 298 Nature passes over into its truth; the subjectivity of the concept; whose objectivity is itself
the suspended immediacy of individuality; the concrete generality; the concept which has the
concept as its existence — into the Spirit。
Preliminary Concepts
§ 192。
Nature has presented itself as the idea in the form of otherness。
Since in nature the idea is as the negative of itself or is exte