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                         Philosophy of Nature

                                  by Hegel




          Table of Contents


Preliminary 
§  192 Nature has presented itself as the idea in the form of otherness。 
§  193 Hence nature exhibits no freedom in its existence; but only necessity and contingency。 
§  194 Nature is to be viewed as a system of stages; in which one stage necessarily arises from
the other。 
§  195 Nature is; in itself a living whole。 
§  196 The idea as nature can be named mathematics; physics; and physiology。 

PART I: Mathematics 
§  197 The immediate determination of nature is the abstract generality of its
self…externality;…Space。 
§  198 The three dimensions are merely diverse and quite indeterminate。 
§  199 The relation of the point to space is the line; and the line passes over into the plane。 
§  200 Negativity; thus posited for itself is time。 
§  201 Time; as the negative unity of being outside of itself; is just as thoroughly abstract; ideal
being。 
§  202 The dimensions of time; the present; future; and past; are only that which is becoming and
its dissolution。 
§  203 Space and time constitute the idea in and for itself; with space the real or immediately
objective side and time the purely subjective side。 

PART II: Inorganic Physics 
§  204 The unity of attraction and repulsion is gravity。 
§  205 Matter is only (1) matter existing in itself or general; (2) elementary matter; and (3)
Individualised matter。 

A。 Mechanics 
§  206 Matter; as simply general; has at first only a quantitative difference。 
§  208 The body is the indifferent content of space and time; in contrast to this form。 
§  208 As the unity which binds time & space; the body essentially has motion; and the
appearance of gravity。 
§  209 In motion; time posits itself spatially as place; but this indifferent spatiality becomes
temporal。 
§  210 Gravitation is the true and determinate concept of material corporeality。 
§  211 One body; therefore; is the general center of being in itself。; the particular bodies are
others。 
§  212 What Kepler articulated in the form of laws of celestial motion; Newton converted into the
nonconceptual; reflective form of the force of gravity。 
§  213 Lack their own centrality is striving towards the center lying outside of them。 
§  214 The Galilean law of falling the liberation of the conceptual determinations of time and
space。 
§  215 The law of inertia is taken from the nature of the motion of dependent bodies; for which
the motion is external。 
§  216 The difference between central and dependent bodies is in the implicit being of gravity。 
§  217 The determinacy of matter constitutes its being。 

B。 Elementary Physics 
§  218 The determination of an element is the being for itself of matter。 

___(a) Elementary Particles 
§  219 This existing self of matter is light。 
§  220 As the abstract self of matter; light is absolutely lightweight; and as matter; infinite。 
§  221 The ineptitude; tastelessness; even dishonesty of Newton's observations and
experimentations。 
§  222 Light is the active identity which posits everything as identical。 
§  223 The lunar and the cometary body。 
§  224 The earth or the planet。 

___(b) The Elements 
§  225 The body of individuality constitute general physical elements。 
§  226 Air is a transparent but just as elastic fluid; which absorbs and penetrates everything。 
§  227 Fire is materialised time。 
§  228 Water can assume a gaseous and a solid state apart from its characteristic state of internal
indeterminacy。 
§  229 Earth is the element of the developed difference。 

___(c) The Elementary Process 
§  230 The meteorological process。 
§  231 The earth is continuously ignited by its primordial relationship to the sun。 
§  232 The thunderstorm。 
§  233 The elements present themselves as being unified together in concrete points of unity。 

C。 The Physics of Individuality 
§  234 The individual body is matter; brought together by the particularity of the elements。 

___(a) Shape 
§  235 Shape is the specific inward coherence of matter and its external border in space。 
§  236 Density of matter; the relation of the weight of its mass to the volume。 
§  237 Brittleness。 
§  238 Magnetism。 
§  239 The sphere; the shape of the real absence of shape。 
§  240 Cohesion。 
§  241 Crystallisation。 
§  242 The body retains its individual determinacy in resistance to external force。 
§  243 Noise。 
§  244 Capacity for heat。 

___(b) The Particularisation of Differences 
§  245 The ancient; general idea that each body consists of the four elements。 
§  246 Opacity; colour; odour saltiness; acidity; and taste。 
§  247 These bodies are isolated from each other; but as individuals they also stand in relation to
each other。 
§  248 Sound; electricity。 
§  249 Positive and negative electricity is an instance of how empiricism suspends itself。 
§  250 The chemical process。 

___(c) The Process of Isolation 
§  251 The chemical process has its products as a presupposition。 
§  252 The decomposition of water into opposed moments。 
§  253 Oxidation。 
§  254 Nitrogen。 
§  255 Nitrogen; oxygen; hydrogen and carbon;。 
§  256 Salt。 
§  257 Empirical chemistry orders the products according to superficial and abstract
determinations。 
§  258 The chemical process is; in general terms; life。 
§  259 The immediate chemical process; — the organism。 

PART III: Organic Physics 
§  260 The individual body has attained selfhood and become subjective。 。。。 the idea has entered
into existence; initially as an immediate existence; Life。 

A。 Geological Nature 
§  261 Presupposed by subjective totality itself the body of the earth is only the shape of the
organism。 
§  262 Forms manifest themselves as the unfolding of an underlying idea; a past one。 
§  263 Mountain ranges; and so on。 
§  264 The physical organisation of the earth shows a series of stages of granitic activity。 
§  265 General individuality now emerges for itself and life becomes vital or real。 

B。 Vegetable Nature 
§  266 The plant differentiates itself into distinct parts and falls into pieces as several individuals。 
§  267 Reproduction of the single individual coincides in this way with the process of genus
formation。 
§  268 Life is essentially the concept which realises itself only through self…division and
reunification。 
§  269 The plant is torn out of itself by light and multiplied into a multiplicity。 
§  270 The plant brings forth its light as its own self in the blossom。 
§  271 The plant in this way offers itself as a sacrifice。 
§  272 The plant suspends the immediate individuality; and grounds the transition into the higher
organism。 

C。 Animal Organism 
§  273 In its outward process the organism inwardly preserves the unity of the self。 
§  274 The animal has contingent self…movement because its subjectivity is ideality torn from
gravity。 
§  275 It is only as a selfreproducing entity; not as an existing one; that the animal organism is
living。 
§  276 Sensibility; irritability and reproduction。。 
§  277 The animal divides itself into three systems; the head; thorax; and the abdomen。 
§  278 The idea of the living organism is the manifested unity of the concept with its reality。 
§  279 The simple feeling of self。 
§  280 Animal organisation differentiates itself into the multiple sensory qualities of inorganic
nature。 
§  281 The senses。 
§  282 Only what is living feels a lack。 
§  283 The animal is an individual entity; and therefore turns back constantly from its satisfaction
to need。 
§  284 The seizure of the external object is the beginning of the unification of the object with the
living animal。 
§  285 The opposition of the subject to its immediate assimilation。 
§  286 Digestion。 
§  287 The end product of its activity are that which it already is originally and at the beginning。 
§  288 Sexual difference。 
§  289 Sex drive。 
§  290 The inadequacy of its single actuality drives each to have its self…feeling only in the other of
its genus。 
§  291 The product is only implicitly this genus and distinct from the individuals which have
perished in it。 
§  292 Comparative anatomy seeks to arrange its material to accord with reason。 
§  293 The individual organism can not accord with its determination。 
§  294 Disease; fever and healing。 
§  295 Medicine provokes the organism to remove the inorganic power with which it is
entangled。 
§  296 The animal's subjectivity is only the concept in itself but not itself for itself 。 
§  297 In death the individual achieves only an abstract objectivity。 
§  298 Nature passes over into its truth; the subjectivity of the concept; whose objectivity is itself
the suspended immediacy of individuality; the concrete generality; the concept which has the
concept as its existence — into the Spirit。 




Preliminary Concepts

                                  § 192。

Nature has presented itself as the idea in the form of otherness。 

Since in nature the idea is as the negative of itself or is exte

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