Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú) >

µÚ16½Ú

the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú)-µÚ16½Ú

С˵£º the crisis in russia(¶í¹úΣ»ú) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡practical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡purposes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bourgeois¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡specialist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

responsible¡¡¡¡¡¡solely¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Many¡¡¡¡¡¡Communists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡including¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡best¡¡¡¡¡¡known£»¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡recognizing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡¡¡¡¡efficiency¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

revolution¡¡is¡¡to¡¡survive¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡regard¡¡this¡¡step¡¡as¡¡definitely¡¡retrograde¡¡and¡¡

likely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡long¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡run¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡worth¡¡

preserving¡£*£§£¨*£©Thus¡¡Rykov£»¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Supreme¡¡Council¡¡of¡¡Public¡¡

Economy£º¡¡¡¨There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡possibility¡¡of¡¡so¡¡constructing¡¡a¡¡State¡¡that¡¡in¡¡it¡¡there¡¡

will¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡ruling¡¡¡¡¡¡caste¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡consisting¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡chiefly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡administrative¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡engineers£»¡¡

technicians£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡we¡¡should¡¡get¡¡a¡¡form¡¡of¡¡State¡¡economy¡¡based¡¡on¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡48¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡49¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



a¡¡small¡¡group¡¡of¡¡a¡¡ruling¡¡caste¡¡whose¡¡privilege¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡would¡¡be¡¡the¡¡

management¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡workersand¡¡¡¡¡¡peasants¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡¡¡¡¡criticism¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡individual¡¡

control£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡communist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡goes¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡deal¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

criticism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡avowedly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡££§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡enormous¡¡

importance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attached¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡everybody¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡question¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡

collegiate¡¡control£»¡¡may¡¡bejudged¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡at¡¡every¡¡conference¡¡I¡¡

attended£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡discussion¡¡to¡¡which¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡listened£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡point£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡minor¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡importance£»¡¡

completely¡¡overshadowed¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡industrial¡¡conscription¡¡which£»¡¡at¡¡

least¡¡inside¡¡the¡¡Communist¡¡Party£»¡¡seemed¡¡generally¡¡taken¡¡for¡¡granted¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡

may¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡now¡¡as¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Communists¡¡are¡¡in¡¡

favor¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡control¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡say¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡object¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨workers'¡¡

control¡¨¡¡before¡¡the¡¡revolution¡¡was¡¡to¡¡ensure¡¡that¡¡factories¡¡should¡¡be¡¡run¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡workers¡¡as¡¡well¡¡of¡¡employers¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡Russia¡¡now¡¡there¡¡are¡¡no¡¡

employers¡¡other¡¡than¡¡the¡¡State¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡exclusively¡¡made¡¡up¡¡

of¡¡employees¡£¡¡£¨I¡¡am¡¡stating¡¡now¡¡the¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡at¡¡the¡¡last¡¡Trades¡¡

Union¡¡¡¡¡¡Congress¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡present£»¡¡¡¡¡¡April£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1920¡££©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡say¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

¡¨workers'¡¡control¡¨¡¡exists¡¡in¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡and¡¡more¡¡efficient¡¡manner¡¡than¡¡was¡¡

suggested¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡pre¡­revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡statements¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡question¡£¡¡

Further£»¡¡they¡¡say¡¡that¡¡if¡¡workers'¡¡control¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡identified¡¡with¡¡Trade¡¡

Union¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡control£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡certainly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡supreme¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡those¡¡

matters¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡chiefly¡¡¡¡¡¡concerned¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves£»¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡

dominate¡¡the¡¡Commissariat¡¡of¡¡Labor£»¡¡are¡¡very¡¡largely¡¡represented¡¡on¡¡the¡¡

Supreme¡¡¡¡¡¡Council¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Public¡¡¡¡¡¡Economy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡fix¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rates¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡pay¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

own¡¡¡¡¡¡members¡£*£§£¨*£©The¡¡¡¡¡¡wages¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡workmen¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡decided¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡

Unions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡draw¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨tariffs¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡country£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡basing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

calculations¡¡on¡¡three¡¡criteria£º¡¡£¨I£©¡¡The¡¡price¡¡of¡¡food¡¡in¡¡the¡¡open¡¡market¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡district¡¡where¡¡a¡¡workman¡¡is¡¡employed£»¡¡£¨2£©the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡food¡¡supplied¡¡by¡¡

the¡¡State¡¡on¡¡the¡¡card¡¡system£»¡¡£¨3£©the¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workman¡£¡¡This¡¡last¡¡is¡¡

decided¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡special¡¡¡¡¡¡section¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Factory¡¡¡¡¡¡Committee£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡

factory¡¡is¡¡an¡¡organ¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Trades¡¡Union¡££§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡enormous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡majority£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡together¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡fact¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

however¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡quarrel¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡inside¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡party£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Communists¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡go¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡almost¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡length¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡avoid¡¡¡¡¡¡breaking¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡party¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡49¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡50¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



discipline£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡resolutions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡

Congresses¡¡will¡¡not¡¡be¡¡different¡¡from¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Communists¡¡Congresses¡¡on¡¡

the¡¡same¡¡subjects¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Consequently£»¡¡the¡¡questions¡¡which¡¡really¡¡agitate¡¡the¡¡

members£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡cleavages¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡inside¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡majority£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡

comparatively¡¡¡¡¡¡invisible¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡¡¡¡¡Congress¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡fought¡¡

over¡¡with¡¡great¡¡bitterness£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡fought¡¡over¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Hall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

Unions¡­once¡¡the¡¡Club¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nobility£»¡¡with¡¡on¡¡its¡¡walls¡¡on¡¡Congress¡¡days¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡hammer¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡spanner¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡engineers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pestle¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡trowel¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

builders£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡on¡­but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Communist¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Congresses¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Kremlin¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡And£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

problem¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡book¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡mainly¡¡¡¡¡¡concerned£»¡¡¡¡¡¡neither¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

regular¡¡¡¡¡¡business¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡internal¡¡¡¡¡¡squabbles¡¡¡¡¡¡affects¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

cardinal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fact¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡crisis¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡chiefly¡¡

important¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡organization¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Communists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡attempting¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡arrest¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡steady¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡progress¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia's¡¡

economic¡¡ruin¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Putting¡¡it¡¡brutally£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡offend¡¡Trades¡¡Unionists¡¡and¡¡

Communists¡¡alike£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡an¡¡important¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Communist¡¡system¡¡of¡¡

internal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡propaganda£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡organization¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡acts¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡gigantic¡¡

megaphone¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡Party¡¡¡¡makes¡¡¡¡¡¡known¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡fears£»¡¡

its¡¡hopes¡¡and¡¡its¡¡decisions¡¡to¡¡the¡¡great¡¡masses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡workers¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡PROPAGANDA¡¡TRAINS¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡crossed¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Russian¡¡¡¡¡¡front¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡October£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1919£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡thing¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡

noticed¡¡in¡¡peasants'¡¡cottages£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡villages£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡little¡¡town¡¡where¡¡I¡¡took¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡railway¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Moscow£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡railway¡¡¡¡¡¡station¡¡¡¡¡¡along¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡line£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

elaborate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡pictorial¡¡¡¡¡¡propaganda¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡concerned¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡

posters¡¡¡¡¡¡showing¡¡¡¡¡¡Denizen¡¡¡¡¡¡standing¡¡¡¡¡¡straddle¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia's¡¡¡¡¡¡coal£»¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

factory¡¡chimneys¡¡were¡¡smokeless¡¡and¡¡the¡¡engines¡¡idle¡¡in¡¡the¡¡yards£»¡¡with¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡simplest¡¡¡¡¡¡wording¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡show¡¡¡¡¡¡why¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡beat¡¡¡¡¡¡Denizen¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡51¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡CRISIS¡¡IN¡¡RUSSIA¡¡



order¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡get¡¡¡¡¡¡coal£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡posters¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrating¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡treatment¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

peasants¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Whites£»¡¡posters¡¡against¡¡desertion£»¡¡posters¡¡illustrating¡¡the¡¡

Russian¡¡¡¡¡¡struggle¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rest¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡world£»¡¡¡¡¡¡showing¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡workman£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

peasant£»¡¡a¡¡sailor¡¡and¡¡a¡¡soldier¡¡fighting¡¡in¡¡self¡­defence¡¡against¡¡an¡¡enormous¡¡

Capitalistic¡¡¡¡¡¡Hydra¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡­and¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡took¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡sign¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡

might¡¡be¡­posters¡¡encouraging¡¡the¡¡sowing¡¡of¡¡corn£»¡¡and¡¡posters¡¡explaining¡¡

in¡¡simple¡¡pictures¡¡improved¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡agriculture¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Our¡¡own¡¡recruiting¡¡

propaganda¡¡during¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡as¡¡that¡¡was£»¡¡was¡¡never¡¡developed¡¡to¡¡such¡¡a¡¡point¡¡of¡¡excellence£»¡¡

and¡¡knowing¡¡the¡¡general¡¡slowness¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Russian¡¡centre¡¡reacts¡¡on¡¡

its¡¡¡¡¡¡periphery£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡amazed¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡posters£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

efficient¡¡distribution¡¡thus¡¡far¡¡from¡¡Moscow¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡had¡¡an¡¡opportunity¡¡of¡¡seeing¡¡two¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propaganda¡¡trains£»¡¡the¡¡

object¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡reduce¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡size¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia¡¡¡¡¡¡politically¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡bringing¡¡

Moscow¡¡to¡¡the¡¡front¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡way¡¡districts£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡to¡¡lessen¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulty¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡obtaining¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡general¡¡¡¡¡¡unity¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡purpose¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

object¡¡of¡¡propaganda¡¡to¡¡produce¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡some¡¡hope¡¡that¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡near¡¡¡¡¡¡future¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡apparatus¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡turned¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

propaganda¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡industry¡¡¡¡¡¡makes¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡perhaps¡¡¡¡¡¡worth¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡describe¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡

trains¡¡in¡¡detail¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia£»¡¡for¡¡purposes¡¡of¡¡this¡¡internal¡¡propaganda£»¡¡is¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡five¡¡

sections£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡section¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡train£»¡¡¡¡¡¡prepared¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡particular¡¡

political¡¡needs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡section¡¡it¡¡serves£»¡¡bearing¡¡its¡¡own¡¡name£»¡¡carrying¡¡its¡¡

regular¡¡¡¡¡¡crew¡­a¡¡¡¡¡¡propaganda¡¡¡¡¡¡unit£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡corporate¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡crew¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡ship¡£¡¡The¡¡

five¡¡¡¡¡¡trains¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡existence¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Lenin£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Sverdlov£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

¡¨October¡¡Revolution£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡¡¨Red¡¡East£»¡¨¡¡which¡¡is¡¡now¡¡in¡¡Turkestan£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡

¡¨Red¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Cossack£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ready¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡start¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡Rostov¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Don£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡

standing£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sidings¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Kursk¡¡¡¡¡¡station£»¡¡¡¡¡¡together¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Lenin£»¡¨¡¡

returned¡¡for¡¡refitting¡¡and¡¡painting¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Burov£»¡¡the¡¡organizer¡¡of¡¡these¡¡trains£»¡¡a¡¡ruddy£»¡¡enthusiastic¡¡little¡¡man¡¡in¡¡

patched¡¡leather¡¡coat¡¡and¡¡breeches£»¡¡took¡¡a¡¡party¡¡of¡¡foreigners¡­a¡¡Swede£»¡¡a¡¡

Norwegian£»¡¡two¡¡Czechs£»¡¡a¡¡German¡¡and¡¡myself¡¡to¡¡visit¡¡his¡¡trains£»¡¡together¡¡

with¡¡Radek£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hope¡¡that¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨1£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ