shorter logic-第2节

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


…n。　Quantity　is　naturally　and　necessarily　a　tendency　to　exceed　itself
§　110。　Relative　identity
§　111。　In　Being　all　is　Immediate；　in　Essence　all　is　Relative
…n。　In　Being　everything　is　immediate；　in　Essence　everything　is　Relative　


VIII：　The　Doctrine　of　Essence

§　112。　The　terms　in　Essence　are　always　mere　pairs　of　correlatives
…n。　Essence　is　the　standpoint　of　'Reflection'
§　113。　Identity　or　Reflection…into…self
§　114。　The　Unessential　

A。　ESSENCE　AS　GROUND　OF　EXISTENCE

（a）　The　pure　principles　or　categories　of　Reflection

§　115。　＇a＇　Identity
…n。　Identity　is　Being　as　Ideality
§　116。　＇b＇　Difference
…n。　'How　Identity　comes　to　Difference'
§　117。　Diversity　…　Immediate　difference
…n。　When　understanding　sets　itself　to　study　Identity；　it　has　already　passed　beyond　it；　and　is
looking　at　Difference
§　118。　Likeness　and　Unlikeness　…　Specific　Difference
…n。　Likeness　and　unlikeness　are　in　completely　reciprocal　relation
§　119。　Positive　and　Negative
（1）　The　negative　per　se　is　the　same　as　difference　itself
（2）　Instead　of　the　maxim　of　the　Excluded　Middle；　we　should　say：　Everything　is　Opposite
§　120。　Essential　Difference
§　121。　＇c＇　The　Ground
…n。　Ground；　besides　being　the　unity；　is　also　the　difference　of　identity　and　difference
§　122。　Being　intermediated　by　annulling　the　intermediation　is　Existence　

（b）　Existence

§　123。　Existence　is　the　immediate　unity　of　reflection…into…self　and　reflection…into…other
…n。　'Existence'　suggests　the　fact　of　having　proceeded　from　something
§　124。　The　Existent　with　interconnections　with　others　is　a　Thing
…n。　The　man；　by　or　in　himself；　is　the　child　

（c）　The　Thing

§　125。　＇a＇　Properties
…n。　A　thing　can　lose　this　or　that　property　without　ceasing　to　be　what　it　is
§　126。　＇b＇　Matters
…n。　Disintegration　into　independent　matters　is　properly　restricted　to　inorganic　nature　only
§　127。　Matter　is　mere　abstract　reflection…into…something…else
§　128。　＇c＇　Form
…n。　Thus　we　get　one　Matter　in　general；　to　which　difference　is　expressly　attached　externally；　as
a　bare　form
§　129。　Matter　and　Form
§　130。　The　totality　of　Form　and　Matter　is　a　contradiction　


B。　APPEARANCE

§　131。　Appearance
…n。　Existence　stated　explicitly　in　its　contradiction　is　Appearance　

（a）　The　World　of　Appearance

§　132。　The　Appearance　is　thrown　into　abeyance　

（b）　Content　and　Form

§　133。　Law　of　the　Phenomenon
…n。　Both　form　and　content　are　equally　essential
§　134。　Immediate　existence　is　external　to　the　content　

（c）　Relation　or　Correlation

§　135。　＇a＇　Whole　and　Parts
…n。　Essential　correlation　is　the　universal　phase　in　which　things　appear
§　136。　＇b＇　Expression
（1）　The　relation　of　Force
（2）　It　is　the　very　essence　of　force　to　manifest　itself
§　137。　Force
§　138。　＇c＇　Inward　and　Outward
§　139。　The　Exterior　has　the　same　content　as　Interior
§　140。　Inward　and　Outward　are　reciprocally　opposed
…n。　The　relation　of　Outward　and　Inward　unites　and　sets　in　abeyance　mere　relativity　and
phenomenality
§　141。　The　empty　abstraction　suspend　themselves　in　the　immediate　transition　


C。　ACTUALITY

§　142。　Actuality　is　the　unity　become　immediate　of　Essence　with　Existence
…n。　Actuality　and　thought　are　often　absurdly　opposed
§　143。　＇a＇　Possibility
…n。　Everything；　it　is　said；　is　possible；　but　everything　which　is　possible　is　not　on　that　account
actual
§　144。　＇b＇　Contingent　or　Chance
§　145。　Possibility　and　Contingency　are　the　two　factors　of　Actuality
…n。　The　contingent　is　what　has　the　ground　of　its　being　not　in　itself　but　in　somewhat　other
§　146。　Condition
…n。　The　Contingent；　as　the　immediate　actuality；　is　at　the　same　time　the　possibility　of　somewhat
else
§　147。　＇c＇　Real　Possibility
…n。　Anything　necessary　comes　before　us　as　the　result　of　certain　antecedents
§　148。　Three　elements　in　necessity　…　Condition；　Fact　and　Activity
§　149。　Necessity　mediated　and　unmediated　

（a）　Relationship　of　Substantiality

§　150。　The　necessary　is　an　absolute　correlation　of　elements
§　151。　Substance　is　the　totality　of　Accidents
…n。　Substance　was　the　principle　of　Spinoza's　system
§　152。　Substance　is　self…relating　power；　an　inner　possibility　

（b）　Relationship　of　Causality

§　153。　Substance　is　Cause　and　Effect
…n。　Understanding　bristles　against　Substance；　but　is　ready　to　use　the　relation　of　Cause　and
Effect
§　154。　The　effect　is　different　from　the　cause　

（c）　Reciprocity　or　Action　and　Reaction

§　155。　＇a＇　Characteristics　in　Reciprocal　Action　potentially　the　same。
§　156。　＇b＇　This　unity　is　also　Actual
…n。　Reciprocal　action　realises　the　causal　relation　in　its　complete　development
§　157。　Pure　reciprocation　is　Necessity
§　158。　The　truth　of　necessity　is　Freedom
…n。　Necessity　is　often　called　hard；　and　rightly　so；　if　we　keep　to　necessity　as　such
§　159。　The　truth　of　Being　and　Essence　is　the　Notion
…n。　If　the　Notion　is　the　truth　of　Being　and　Essence；　why　do　we　not　begin　with　the　notion？　


IX：　The　Doctrine　of　the　Notion

§　160。　The　Notion　is　the　principle　of　Freedom
…n。　The　position　taken　up　by　the　Notion　is　that　of　Absolute　Idealism
§　161。　Development
…n。　The　movement　of　the　notion　is　development；　rather　than　transition　or　reflection
§　162。　The　doctrine　of　the　Notion　is　divided　into　three　parts　

A。　THE　SUBJECTIVE　NOTION

（a）　The　Notion　as　Notion

§　163。　Universality；　Particularity　and　Individuality
（1）　The　notion　is　generally　associated　with　abstract　generality
（2）　It　is　not　we　who　frame　notions
§　164。　Universality；　Particularity　and　Individuality　are　the　same　as　Identity；　Difference　and
Ground
§　165。　Individuality　first　explicitly　differentiates　the　elements　

（b）　The　Judgment

§　166。　Judgment
…n。　Judgments　are　generally　looked　upon　as　combinations　of　notions
§　167。　The　Subjective　Judgment
§　168。　The　Judgment　is　an　expression　of　finitude
§　169。　The　abstract　terms　of　the　Judgment
…n。　The　subject　is　the　individual；　the　predicate　the　universal
§　170。　Subject　and　Predicate　

§　171。　Subject　and　Predicate　still　put　as　different
…n。　On　Kant's　table　of　categories
§　172。　＇a＇　Qualitative　Judgment
…n。　Truth　lies　in　the　coincidence　of　an　object　with　itself；　with　its　notion
§　173。　First　negation：　The　connection　of　the　Subject　and　Predicate　subsisting
…n。　Crime　is　an　objective　instance　of　the　negatively　infinite　judgment
§　174。　＇b＇　Judgment　of　Reflection
…n。　its　predicate　is　not　an　immediate　quality
§　175。　Singular；　Particular　and　Allness
…n。　the　subject　is　carried　beyond　its　mere　individual　self
§　176。　The　Judgment　Form
…n。　Whatever　pertains　of　all　is　therefore　necessary
§　177。　＇c＇　Judgment　of　Necessity
…n。　The　Categorical　judgment　is　the　unmediated　judgment　of　necessity
§　178。　＇d＇　Judgment　of　the　Notion
§　179。　Problematical　and　Apodeictic　judgments
§　180。　Subject　and　Predicate　are　each　the　whole　Judgment　


（c）　The　Syllogism

§　181。　Syllogism
…n。　The　Syllogism　is　usually　described　as　a　form　merely　of　our　subjective　thinking
§　182。　The　Syllogism　of　Understanding
…n。　Parallelism　of　Understanding　with　the　Notion　and　Reason　with　the　Syllogism
§　183。　＇a＇　Qualitative　Syllogism
…n。　In　this　syllogism　the　notion　is　at　the　height　of　its　self…estrangement
§　184。　（i）　Syllogism　is　completely　contingent　in　point　of　terms
…n。　The　Syllogisms　never　ceases　to　play　its　part　in　the　daily　business　of　life
§　185。　（ii）　Syllogism　is　completely　contingent　in　the　form　of　relation
§　186。　A　defect　in　the　Syllogism
§　187。　The　Figures
…n。　The　three　figures　of　the　Syllogism　each　takes　in　turn　the　place　of　the　extremes；　as　is　the
case　with　Idea；　Nature　&　Mind
§　188。　The　Round　of　the　Figures
…n。　These　mathematical　axioms　are　nothing　but　logical　propositions
§　189。　Developed　unity　of　Individuality　and　Particularity
§　190。　＇b＇　Syllogism　of　Reflection：　Allness；　Induction；　Analogy
…n。　The　syllogism　of　Induction
§　191。　＇c＇　Syllogism　of　Necessity：　Categorical；　Hypothetical；　Disjunctive　syllogisms
§　192。　These　difference　work　out　their　own　abolition
…n。　The　subjective　notion　is　the　dialectical　result　of　the　first　two　main　stages　of　the　Idea；　Being
and　Essence
§　193。　The　Realisation　of　the　Notion　is　the　Object　


B。　THE　OBJECT

§　194。　The　Object　is　Immediate　Being　suspended　in　itself
（1）　The　theory　which　regards　the　Object　as　Absolute　expresses　the　point　of　view　of
superstition　and　slavish　fear
（2）　Mechanism；　Chemism　and　Teleology　

（a）　Mechanism

§　195。　Formal　Mechanism
…n。　Mechanism　is　the　category　which　offers　itself　to　reflection　as　it　examines　the　objective
world
§　196。　Mechanism　with　Affinity
§　197。　Absolute　Mechanism
§　198。　A　triad　of　Syllogisms
§　199。　Affinity　

（b）　Chemism

§　200。　The　biased　Object
…n。　The　Chemical　object　is　seen　to　be　completely　in　reference　to　something　else
§　201。　The　Neutral　Object
§　202。　Immediate　Independence
…n。　The　chemical　process
§　203。　Each　process　goes　its　own　way
…n。　The　passage　from　chemism　to　teleology　

（c）　Teleology

§　204。　The　End
§　205。　External　Design
…n。　Final　cause　is　taken　to　mean　external　Design；　the　point　of　view　taken　by　Utility
§　206。　The　Subjective　End　coalesces　with　the　Objectivity　external　to　it
…n。　The　development　from　End　to　Idea
§　207。　（1）　Subjective　End
§　208。　（2）　Means
…n。　The　execution　of　the　End　is　the