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第9节

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all the labourers depending on such。



4。  As navigation was at a stop; our ships neither coming in or going

out as before; so the seamen were all out of employment; and many of

them in the last and lowest degree of distress; and with the seamen

were all the several tradesmen and workmen belonging to and

depending upon the building and fitting out of ships; such as ship…

carpenters; caulkers; ropemakers; dry coopers; sailmakers;

anchorsmiths; and other smiths; blockmakers; carvers; gunsmiths;

ship…chandlers; ship…carvers; and the like。  The masters of those

perhaps might live upon their substance; but the traders were

universally at a stop; and consequently all their workmen discharged。

Add to these that the river was in a manner without boats; and all or

most part of the watermen; lightermen; boat…builders; and lighter…

builders in like manner idle and laid by。



5。  All families retrenched their living as much as possible; as well

those that fled as those that stayed; so that an innumerable multitude

of footmen; serving…men; shopkeepers; journeymen; merchants'

bookkeepers; and such sort of people; and especially poor maid…

servants; were turned off; and left friendless and helpless; without

employment and without habitation; and this was really a dismal article。





I might be more particular as to this part; but it may suffice to

mention in general; all trades being stopped; employment ceased: the

labour; and by that the bread; of the poor were cut off; and at first

indeed the cries of the poor were most lamentable to hear; though by

the distribution of charity their misery that way was greatly abated。

Many indeed fled into the counties; but thousands of them having

stayed in London till nothing but desperation sent them away; death

overtook them on the road; and they served for no better than the

messengers of death; indeed; others carrying the infection along with

them; spread it very unhappily into the remotest parts of the kingdom。



Many of these were the miserable objects of despair which I have

mentioned before; and were removed by the destruction which

followed。  These might be said to perish not by the infection itself but

by the consequence of it; indeed; namely; by hunger and distress and

the want of all things: being without lodging; without money; without

friends; without means to get their bread; or without anyone to give it

them; for many of them were without what we call legal settlements;

and so could not claim of the parishes; and all the support they had

was by application to the magistrates for relief; which relief was (to

give the magistrates their due) carefully and cheerfully administered

as they found it necessary; and those that stayed behind never felt the

want and distress of that kind which they felt who went away in the

manner above noted。



Let any one who is acquainted with what multitudes of people get

their daily bread in this city by their labour; whether artificers or mere

workmen … I say; let any man consider what must be the miserable

condition of this town if; on a sudden; they should be all turned out of

employment; that labour should cease; and wages for work be no more。



This was the case with us at that time; and had not the sums of

money contributed in charity by well…disposed people of every kind;

as well abroad as at home; been prodigiously great; it had not been in

the power of the Lord Mayor and sheriffs to have kept the public

peace。  Nor were they without apprehensions; as it was; that

desperation should push the people upon tumults; and cause them to

rifle the houses of rich men and plunder the markets of provisions; in

which case the country people; who brought provisions very freely

and boldly to town; would have been terrified from coming any more;

and the town would have sunk under an unavoidable famine。



But the prudence of my Lord Mayor and the Court of Aldermen

within the city; and of the justices of peace in the out…parts; was such;

and they were supported with money from all parts so well; that the

poor people were kept quiet; and their wants everywhere relieved; as

far as was possible to be done。



Two things besides this contributed to prevent the mob doing any

mischief。  One was; that really the rich themselves had not laid up

stores of provisions in their houses as indeed they ought to have done;

and which if they had been wise enough to have done; and locked

themselves entirely up; as some few did; they had perhaps escaped the

disease better。  But as it appeared they had not; so the mob had no

notion of finding stores of provisions there if they had broken in。 as it

is plain they were sometimes very near doing; and which: if they bad;

they had finished the ruin of the whole city; for there were no regular

troops to have withstood them; nor could the trained bands have been

brought together to defend the city; no men being to be found to bear arms。



But the vigilance of the Lord Mayor and such magistrates as could

be had (for some; even of the aldermen; were dead; and some absent)

prevented this; and they did it by the most kind and gentle methods

they could think of; as particularly by relieving the most desperate

with money; and putting others into business; and particularly that

employment of watching houses that were infected and shut up。  And

as the number of these were very great (for it was said there was at

one time ten thousand houses shut up; and every house had two

watchmen to guard it; viz。; one by night and the other by day); this

gave opportunity to employ a very great number of poor men at a

time。



The women and servants that were turned off from their places were

likewise employed as nurses to tend the sick in all places; and this

took off a very great number of them。



And; which though a melancholy article in itself; yet was a

deliverance in its kind: namely; the plague; which raged in a dreadful

manner from the middle of August to the middle of October; carried

off in that time thirty or forty thousand of these very people which;

had they been left; would certainly have been an insufferable burden

by their poverty; that is to say; the whole city could not have

supported the expense of them; or have provided food for them; and

they would in time have been even driven to the necessity of

plundering either the city itself or the country adjacent; to have

subsisted themselves; which would first or last have put the whole

nation; as well as the city; into the utmost terror and confusion。



It was observable; then; that this calamity of the people made them

very humble; for now for about nine weeks together there died near a

thousand a day; one day with another; even by the account of the

weekly bills; which yet; I have reason to be assured; never gave a full

account; by many thousands; the confusion being such; and the carts

working in the dark when they carried the dead; that in some places

no account at all was kept; but they worked on; the clerks and sextons

not attending for weeks together; and not knowing what number they

carried。  This account is verified by the following bills of mortality: …



                         Of all of the

                         Diseases。      Plague

From August   8    to August 15          5319          3880

〃     〃      15         〃    22          5568          4237

〃     〃      22         〃    29          7496          6102

〃     〃      29 to September  5          8252          6988

〃  September  5         〃    12          7690          6544

〃     〃      12         〃    19          8297          7165

〃     〃      19         〃    26          6460          5533

〃     〃      26 to October    3          5720          4979

〃   October   3         〃    10          5068          4327

                                        …         …

                                       59;870        49;705





So that the gross of the people were carried off in these two months;

for; as the whole number which was brought in to die of the plague

was but 68;590; here is 50;000 of them; within a trifle; in two months;

I say 50;000; because; as there wants 295 in the number above; so

there wants two days of two months in the account of time。



Now when I say that the parish officers did not give in a full

account; or were not to be depended upon for their account; let any

one but consider how men could be exact in such a time of dreadful

distress; and when many of them were taken sick themselves and

perhaps died in the very time when their accounts were to be given in;

I mean the parish clerks; besides inferior officers; for though these

poor men ventured at all hazards; yet they were far from being exempt

from the common calamity; especially if it be true that the parish of

Stepney had; within the year; 116 sextons; gravediggers; and their

assistants; that is to say; bearers; bellmen; and drivers of carts fo

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