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particular　disposition　of　his　artillery；　which；　in　its　results；

had　a　decisive　effect　in　winning　the　battle；　was　suggested　to　his

mind　by　the　recollection　of　four　lines　in　Milton。　　The　lines　occur

in　the　sixth　book；　and　are　descriptive　of　Satan's　artifice　during

the　war　with　Heaven



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　〃In　hollow　cube

　　　　　　　Training　his　devilish　engin'ry；　impal'd

　　　　　　　On　every　side　WITH　SHADOWING　SQUADRONS　DEEP

　　　　　　　TO　HIDE　THE　FRAUD。〃



〃The　indubitable　fact；〃　says　Mr。　Edwards；　in　his　book　'On

Libraries；'　〃that　these　lines　have　a　certain　appositeness　to　an

important　manoeuvre　at　Austerlitz；　gives　an　independent　interest

to　the　story；　but　it　is　highly　imaginative　to　ascribe　the　victory

to　that　manoeuvre。　　And　for　the　other　preliminaries　of　the　tale；

it　is　unfortunate　that　Napoleon　had　learned　a　good　deal　about　war

long　before　he　had　learned　anything　about　Milton。〃



（15）　'Biographia　Literaria；'　chap。　i。



（16）　Sir　John　Bowring's　'Memoirs　of　Bentham；'　p。　10。



（17）　Notwithstanding　recent　censures　of　classical　studies　as　a　useless

waste　of　time；　there　can　be　no　doubt　that　they　give　the　highest

finish　to　intellectual　culture。　　The　ancient　classics　contain　the

most　consummate　models　of　literary　art；　and　the　greatest　writers

have　been　their　most　diligent　students。　　Classical　culture　was　the

instrument　with　which　Erasmus　and　the　Reformers　purified　Europe。

It　distinguished　the　great　patriots　of　the　seventeenth　century；

and　it　has　ever　since　characterised　our　greatest　statesmen。　　〃I

know　not　how　it　is；〃　　says　an　English　writer；　〃but　their　commerce

with　the　ancients　appears　to　me　to　produce；　in　those　who

constantly　practise　it；　a　steadying　and　composing　effect　upon

their　judgment；　not　of　literary　works　only；　but　of　men　and　events

in　general。　　They　are　like　persons　who　have　had　a　weighty　and

impressive　experience；　they　are　more　truly　than　others　under　the

empire　of　facts；　and　more　independent　of　the　language　current

among　those　with　whom　they　live。〃



（18）　Hazlitt's　TABLE　TALK：　'On　Thought　and　Action。'







CHAPTER　XI。COMPANIONSHIP　IN　MARRIAGE。







　　　　　　　　　　〃Kindness　in　women；　not　their　beauteous　looks；

　　　　　　　　　　Shall　win　my　love。〃SHAKSPEARE。



〃In　the　husband　Wisdom；　In　the　wife　Gentleness。〃GEORGE　HERBERT。



〃If　God　had　designed　woman　as　man's　master；　He　would　have　taken

her　from　his　head；　If　as　his　slave；　He　would　have　taken　her　from

his　feet；　but　as　He　designed　her　for　his　companion　and　equal；　He

took　her　from　his　side。〃SAINT　AUGUSTINE。'DE　CIVITATE　DEI。'



〃Who　can　find　a　virtuous　woman？　for　her　price　is　far　above

rubies。。。。　　Her　husband　is　known　in　the　gates；　and　he　sitteth

among　the　elders　of　the　land。。。。　　Strength　and　honour　are　her

clothing；　and　she　shall　rejoice　in　time　to　come。　　She　openeth　her

mouth　with　wisdom；　and　in　her　tongue　is　the　law　of　kindness。　　She

looketh　well　to　the　ways　of　her　husband；　and　eateth　not　the　bread

of　idleness。　　Her　children　arise　up　and　call　her　blessed；　her

husband　also；　and　he　praiseth　her。〃PROVERBS　OF　SOLOMON。





THE　character　of　men；　as　of　women；　is　powerfully　influenced　by

their　companionship　in　all　the　stages　of　life。　　We　have　already

spoken　of　the　influence　of　the　mother　in　forming　the　character　of

her　children。　　She　makes　the　moral　atmosphere　in　which　they　live；

and　by　which　their　minds　and　souls　are　nourished；　as　their　bodies

are　by　the　physical　atmosphere　they　breathe。　　And　while　woman　is

the　natural　cherisher　of　infancy　and　the　instructor　of　childhood；

she　is　also　the　guide　and　counsellor　of　youth；　and　the　confidant

and　companion　of　manhood；　in　her　various　relations　of　mother；

sister；　lover；　and　wife。　　In　short；　the　influence　of　woman　more　or

less　affects；　for　good　or　for　evil；　the　entire　destinies　of　man。



The　respective　social　functions　and　duties　of　men　and　women　are

clearly　defined　by　nature。　　God　created　man　AND　woman；　each　to　do

their　proper　work；　each　to　fill　their　proper　sphere。　　Neither　can

occupy　the　position；　nor　perform　the　functions；　of　the　other。

Their　several　vocations　are　perfectly　distinct。　　Woman　exists　on

her　own　account；　as　man　does　on　his；　at　the　same　time　that　each

has　intimate　relations　with　the　other。　　Humanity　needs　both　for

the　purposes　of　the　race；　and　in　every　consideration　of　social

progress　both　must　necessarily　be　included。



Though　companions　and　equals；　yet；　as　regards　the　measure　of　their

powers；　they　are　unequal。　　Man　is　stronger；　more　muscular；　and　of

rougher　fibre；　woman　is　more　delicate；　sensitive；　and　nervous。

The　one　excels　in　power　of　brain；　the　other　in　qualities　of　heart；

and　though　the　head　may　rule；　it　is　the　heart　that　influences。

Both　are　alike　adapted　for　the　respective　functions　they　have　to

perform　in　life；　and　to　attempt　to　impose　woman's　work　upon　man

would　be　quite　as　absurd　as　to　attempt　to　impose　man's　work　upon

woman。　　Men　are　sometimes　womanlike；　and　women　are　sometimes

manlike；　but　these　are　only　exceptions　which　prove　the　rule。



Although　man's　qualities　belong　more　to　the　head；　and　woman's　more

to　the　heartyet　it　is　not　less　necessary　that　man's　heart

should　be　cultivated　as　well　as　his　head；　and　woman's　head

cultivated　as　well　as　her　heart。　　A　heartless　man　is　as　much　out…

of…keeping　in　civilized　society　as　a　stupid　and　unintelligent

woman。　　The　cultivation　of　all　parts　of　the　moral　and　intellectual

nature　is　requisite　to　form　the　man　or　woman　of　healthy　and　well…

balanced　character。　　Without　sympathy　or　consideration　for　others；

man　were　a　poor；　stunted；　sordid；　selfish　being；　and　without

cultivated　intelligence；　the　most　beautiful　woman　were　little

better　than　a　well…dressed　doll。



It　used　to　be　a　favourite　notion　about　woman；　that　her　weakness

and　dependency　upon　others　constituted　her　principal　claim　to

admiration。　　〃If　we　were　to　form　an　image　of　dignity　in　a　man；〃

said　Sir　Richard　Steele；　〃we　should　give　him　wisdom　and　valour；　as

being　essential　to　the　character　of　manhood。　　In　like　manner；　if

you　describe　a　right　woman　in　a　laudable　sense；　she　should　have

gentle　softness；　tender　fear；　and　all　those　parts　of　life　which

distinguish　her　from　the　other　sex；　with　some　subordination　to　it；

but　an　inferiority　which　makes　her　lovely。〃　　Thus；　her　weakness

was　to　be　cultivated；　rather　than　her　strength；　her　folly；　rather

than　her　wisdom。　　She　was　to　be　a　weak；　fearful；　tearful；

characterless；　inferior　creature；　with　just　sense　enough　to

understand　the　soft　nothings　addressed　to　her　by　the　〃superior〃

sex。　　She　was　to　be　educated　as　an　ornamental　appanage　of　man；

rather　as　an　independent　intelligenceor　as　a　wife；　mother；

companion；　or　friend。



Pope；　in　one　of　his　'Moral　Essays；'　asserts　that　〃most　women　have

no　characters　at　all；〃　and　again　he　says：…



　　　　　　　　　　〃Ladies；　like　variegated　tulips；　show：

　　　　　　　　　　'Tis　to　their　changes　half　their　charms　we　owe；

　　　　　　　　　　Fine　by　defect　and　delicately　weak。〃



This　satire　characteristically　occurs　in　the　poet's　'Epistle　to

Martha　Blount；'　the　housekeeper　who　so　tyrannically　ruled　him；　and

in　the　same　verses　he　spitefully　girds　at　Lady　Mary　Wortley

Montague；　at　whose　feet　he　had　thrown　himself　as　a　lover；　and　been

contemptuously　rejected。　　But　Pope　was　no　judge　of　women；　nor　was

he　even　a　very　wise　or　tolerant　judge　of　men。



It　is　still　too　much　the　practice　to　cultivate　the　weakness　of

woman　rather　than　her　strength；　and　to　render　her　attractive

rather　than　self…reliant。　　Her　sensibilities　are　developed　at　the

expense　of　her　health　of　body　as　well　as　of　mind。　　She　lives；

moves；　and　has　her　being　in　the　sympathy　of　others。　　She　dresses

that　she　may　attract；　and　is　burdened　with　accomplishments　that

she　may　be　chosen。　　Weak；　trembling；　and　dependent；　she　incurs　the

risk　of　becoming　a　living　embodiment　of　the　Italian　proverb〃so

good　that　she　is　good　for　nothing。〃



On　the　other　hand；　the　education　of　young　men　too　often　errs　on

the　side　of　selfishness。　　While　the　boy　is　incited　to　trust　mainly

to　his　own　efforts　in　pushing　his　way　in　the　world；　the　girl　is

encouraged　to　rely　almost　entirely　upon　others。　　He　is　educated

with　too　exclusive　reference　to　himself　and　she　is　educated　with

too　exclusive　reference　to　him。　　He　is　taught　to　be　self…reliant

and　self…dependent；　while　she　is　taught　to　be　distrustful　of

herself；　dependent；　and　self…sacrificing　in　all　things。　　Thus；

the　intellect　of　the　one　is　cultivated　at　the　expense　of　the

affections；　and　the　affections　of　the　other　at　the　expense

of　the　intellect。



It　is　unquestionable　that　the　highest　qualities　of　woman　are

displayed　in　her　relationship　to　others；　through　the　medium　of　her

affections。　　She　is　the　nurse　whom　nature　has　given　to　all

humankind。　　She　takes　charge　of　the　helpless；　and　nourishes　and

cherishes　those　we　love。　　She　is　the　presiding　genius　of　the

fireside；　where　she　creates　an　atmosphere　of　serenity　and

contentment　suitable　for　the　nurture　and　gro