the athenian constitution-第5节

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es　were　obtained　in　the　following　way。　The　Athenian　exiles；　　headed　by　the　Alcmeonidae；　could　not　by　their　own　power　effect　their　return；　but　failed　continually　in　their　attempts。　Among　their　other　　failures；　they　fortified　a　post　in　Attica；　Lipsydrium；　above　Mt。　Parnes；　and　were　there　joined　by　some　partisans　from　the　city；　but　they　were　besieged　by　the　tyrants　and　reduced　to　surrender。　After　this　disaster　the　following　became　a　popular　drinking　song：

　　Ah！　Lipsydrium；　faithless　friend！　　　Lo；　what　heroes　to　death　didst　send；　　　Nobly　born　and　great　in　deed！　　　Well　did　they　prove　themselves　at　need　　　Of　noble　sires　a　noble　seed。

　　Having　failed；　then；　in　very　other　method；　they　took　the　contract　for　rebuilding　the　temple　at　Delphi；　thereby　obtaining　ample　funds；　which　they　employed　to　secure　the　help　of　the　　Lacedaemonians。　All　this　time　the　Pythia　kept　continually　enjoining　on　the　Lacedaemonians　who　came　to　consult　the　oracle；　that　they　must　free　Athens；　till　finally　she　succeeded　in　impelling　the　Spartans　to　that　step；　although　the　house　of　Pisistratus　was　connected　with　them　by　ties　of　hospitality。　The　resolution　of　the　Lacedaemonians　was；　however；　at　least　equally　due　to　the　friendship　which　had　been　formed　between　the　house　of　Pisistratus　and　Argos。　Accordingly　they　first　sent　Anchimolus　by　sea　at　the　head　of　an　army；　but　he　was　defeated　and　killed；　through　the　arrival　of　Cineas　of　Thessaly　to　support　the　sons　of　Pisistratus　with　a　force　of　a　thousand　horsemen。　Then；　being　roused　to　anger　by　this　disaster；　they　sent　their　king；　Cleomenes；　by　land　at　　the　head　of　a　larger　force；　and　he；　after　defeating　the　Thessalian　cavalry　when　they　attempted　to　intercept　his　march　into　Attica；　shut　up　Hippias　within　what　was　known　as　the　Pelargic　wall　and　blockaded　him　there　with　the　assistance　of　the　Athenians。　While　he　was　sitting　　down　before　the　place；　it　so　happened　that　the　sons　of　the　Pisistratidae　were　captured　in　an　attempt　to　slip　out；　upon　which　the　tyrants　　capitulated　on　condition　of　the　safety　of　their　children；　and　surrendered　the　Acropolis　to　the　Athenians；　five　days　being　first　allowed　them　to　remove　their　effects。　This　took　place　in　the　archonship　of　Harpactides；　after　they　had　held　the　tyranny　for　about　　seventeen　years　since　their　father's　death；　or　in　all；　including　the　period　of　their　father's　rule；　for　nine…and…forty　years。

Part　20

　　After　the　overthrow　of　the　tyranny；　the　rival　leaders　in　the　state　were　Isagoras　son　of　Tisander；　a　partisan　of　the　tyrants；　and　Cleisthenes；　who　belonged　to　the　family　of　the　Alcmeonidae。　Cleisthenes；　being　beaten　in　the　political　clubs；　called　in　　the　people　by　giving　the　franchise　to　the　masses。　Thereupon　Isagoras；　finding　himself　left　inferior　in　power；　invited　Cleomenes；　who　was　united　to　him　by　ties　of　hospitality；　to　return　to　Athens；　and　persuaded　him　to　'drive　out　the　pollution'；　a　plea　derived　from　the　fact　that　the　Alcmeonidae　were　suppposed　to　be　under　the　curse　of　　pollution。　On　this　Cleisthenes　retired　from　the　country；　and　Cleomenes；　entering　Attica　with　a　small　force；　expelled；　as　polluted；　seven　hundred　Athenian　families。　Having　effected　this；　he　next　attempted　to　dissolve　the　Council；　and　to　set　up　Isagoras　and　three　hundred　of　his　partisans　as　the　supreme　power　in　the　state。　The　Council；　however；　　resisted；　the　populace　flocked　together；　and　Cleomenes　and　Isagoras；　with　their　adherents；　took　refuge　in　the　Acropolis。　Here　the　people　sat　down　and　besieged　them　for　two　days；　and　on　the　third　they　agreed　to　let　Cleomenes　and　all　his　followers　de　art；　while　they　summoned　Cleisthenes　and　the　other　exiles　back　to　Athens。　When　the　people　had　thus　obtained　the　command　of　affairs；　Cleisthenes　was　their　chief　and　popular　leader。　And　this　was　natural；　for　the　Alcmeonidae　were　perhaps　the　chief　cause　of　the　expulsion　of　the　tyrants；　and　for　the　greater　part　of　their　rule　were　at　perpetual　war　with　them。　But　even　earlier　than　the　attempts　of　the　Alcmeonidae；　one　Cedon　made　　an　attack　on　the　tyrants；　when　there　came　another　popular　drinking　song；　addressed　to　him：

　　Pour　a　health　yet　again；　boy；　to　Cedon；　forget　not　this　duty　to　do；　　　If　a　health　is　an　honour　befitting　the　name　of　a　good　man　and　true。

Part　21

　　The　people；　therefore；　had　good　reason　to　place　confidence　in　Cleisthenes。　Accordingly；　now　that　he　was　the　popular　leader；　three　years　after　the　expulsion　of　the　tyrants；　in　the　archonship　of　Isagoras；　his　first　step　was　to　distribute　the　whole　population　into　ten　tribes　in　place　of　the　existing　four；　with　the　object　of　intermixing　the　members　of　the　different　tribes；　and　so　securing　that　more　persons　might　have　a　share　in　the　franchise。　From　　this　arose　the　saying　'Do　not　look　at　the　tribes'；　addressed　to　those　who　wished　to　scrutinize　the　lists　of　the　old　families。　Next　he　made　the　Council　to　consist　of　five　hundred　members　instead　of　four　hundred；　each　tribe　now　contributing　fifty；　whereas　formerly　each　had　sent　a　hundred。　The　reason　why　he　did　not　organize　the　people　into　twelve　tribes　was　that　he　might　not　have　to　use　the　existing　division　into　trittyes；　for　the　four　tribes　had　twelve　trittyes；　so　that　he　would　not　have　achieved　his　object　of　redistributing　the　　population　in　fresh　combinations。　Further；　he　divided　the　country　into　thirty　groups　of　demes；　ten　from　the　districts　about　the　city；　ten　from　the　coast；　and　ten　from　the　interior。　These　he　called　trittyes；　and　he　assigned　three　of　them　by　lot　to　each　tribe；　in　such　a　way　that　each　should　have　one　portion　in　each　of　these　three　localities。　All　who　lived　in　any　given　deme　he　declared　fellow…demesmen；　to　the　end　that　the　new　citizens　might　not　be　exposed　by　the　habitual　use　of　family　　names；　but　that　men　might　be　officially　described　by　the　names　of　their　demes；　and　accordingly　it　is　by　the　names　of　their　demes　that　the　Athenians　speak　of　one　another。　He　also　instituted　Demarchs；　who　had　the　same　duties　as　the　previously　existing　Naucrari；…the　demes　being　made　to　take　the　place　of　the　naucraries。　He　gave　names　to　the　demes；　some　from　the　localities　to　which　they　belonged；　some　from　the　persons　who　founded　them；　since　some　of　the　areas　no　longer　corresponded　to　localities　possessing　names。　On　the　other　hand　he　allowed　　every　one　to　retain　his　family　and　clan　and　religious　rites　according　to　ancestral　custom。　The　names　given　to　the　tribes　were　the　ten　　which　the　Pythia　appointed　out　of　the　hundred　selected　national　heroes。

Part　22

　　By　these　reforms　the　constitution　became　much　more　democratic　than　that　of　Solon。　The　laws　of　Solon　had　been　obliterated　by　　disuse　during　the　period　of　the　tyranny；　while　Cleisthenes　substituted　new　　ones　with　the　object　of　securing　the　goodwill　of　the　masses。　Among　　these　was　the　law　concerning　ostracism。　Four　year　after　the　establishment　of　this　system；　in　the　archonship　of　Hermocreon；　they　first　imposed　upon　the　Council　of　Five　Hundred　the　oath　which　they　take　to　the　present　day。　Next　they　began　to　elect　the　generals　by　tribes；　one　from　each　tribe；　while　the　Polemarch　was　the　commander　of　the　whole　army。　Then；　eleven　years　later；　in　the　archonship　of　Phaenippus　　they　won　the　battle　of　Marathon；　and　two　years　after　this　victory；　when　the　people　had　now　gained　self…confidence；　they　for　the　first　time　made　use　of　the　law　of　ostracism。　This　had　originally　been　passed　as　a　precaution　against　men　in　high　office；　because　Pisistratus　took　advantage　of　his　position　as　a　popular　leader　and　general　to　make　himself　tyrant；　and　the　first　person　ostracized　was　one　of　his　relatives；　Hipparchus　son　of　Charmus；　of　the　deme　of　Collytus；　the　very　person　on　whose　account　especially　Cleisthenes　had　enacted　the　law；　as　he　wished　to　get　rid　of　him。　Hitherto；　however；　he　had　escaped；　for　the　Athenians；　with　the　usual　leniency　of　the　democracy；　allowed　all　the　partisans　of　the　tyrants；　who　had　not　joined　in　their　evil　deeds　in　the　time　of　the　troubles　to　remain　in　the　city；　and　the　chief　and　leader　of　these　was　Hipparchus。　Then　in　the　very　next　year；　in　the　archonship　of　Telesinus；　they　for　　the　first　time　since　the　tyranny　elected；　tribe　by　tribe；　the　nine　Archons　by　lot　out　of　the　five　hundred　candidates　selected　by　the　demes；　all　the　earlier　ones　having　been　elected　by　vote；　and　in　the　same　year　Megacles　son　of　Hippocrates；　of　the　deme　of　Alopece；　was　ostracized。　Thus　for　three　years　they　continued　to　ostracize　the　friends　of　the　tyrants；　on　whose　account　the　law　had　been　passed；　but　in　the　following　year　they　began　to　remove　others　as　well；　including　any　one　who　seemed　to　be　more　powerful　than　was　expedient。　The　first　person　unconnected　with　the　tyrants　who　was　ostracized　was　Xanthippus　son　of　Ariphron。　Two　years　later；　in　the　archonship　of　Nicodemus；　the　mines　of　Maroneia　were　discovered；　and　the　　state　made　a　profit　of　a　hundred　talents　from　the　working　of　them。　Some　persons　advised　the　people　to　make　a　distribution　of　the　money　among　themselves；　but　this　was　prevented　by　Themistocles。　He　refused　to　say　on　what　he　proposed　to　spend　the　money；　but　he　bade　them　lend　it　to　the　hundred　richest　men　in　Athens；　one　talent　to　each；　　and　then；　if　the　manner　in　which　it　was　employed　pleased　the　people；　the　expenditure　should　be　charged　to　the　state；　but　otherwise　the　state　should　receive　the　sum