the athenian constitution-第4节

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there。　He　effected　the　disarmament　of　the　people　in　the　following　manner。　He　ordered　a　parade　in　full　armour　in　the　Theseum；　and　began　to　make　a　speech　to　the　people。　He　spoke　for　a　short　time；　until　the　people　called　out　that　they　could　not　hear　him；　whereupon　he　bade　them　come　up　to　the　entrance　of　the　Acropolis；　in　order　that　his　voice　might　be　better　heard。　Then；　while　he　continued　to　speak　to　them　at　great　length；　men　whom　he　had　appointed　for　the　purpose　collected　the　arms　and　locked　them　up　in　the　chambers　of　the　Theseum　hard　by；　and　came　and　made　a　signal　to　him　that　it　was　done。　Pisistratus　accordingly；　when　he　had　finished　the　rest　of　what　he　had　to　say；　told　the　people　also　what　had　happened　to　their　arms；　adding　that　they　were　not　to　be　surprised　or　alarmed；　but　go　home　and　attend　to　their　private　affairs；　while　he　would　himself　for　the　future　manage　all　　the　business　of　the　state。

Part　16

　　Such　was　the　origin　and　such　the　vicissitudes　of　the　tyranny　of　Pisistratus。　His　administration　was　temperate；　as　has　been　said　before；　and　more　like　constitutional　government　than　a　tyranny。　Not　only　was　he　in　every　respect　humane　and　mild　and　ready　to　forgive　those　who　offended；　but；　in　addition；　he　advanced　money　to　the　poorer　people　to　help　them　in　their　labours；　so　that　they　might　make　their　living　by　agriculture。　In　this　he　had　two　objects；　first　that　they　might　not　spend　their　time　in　the　city　but　might　be　scattered　over　all　the　face　of　the　country；　and　secondly　that；　being　moderately　well　off　and　occupied　with　their　own　business；　they　might　have　neither　the　wish　nor　the　time　to　attend　to　public　　affairs。　At　the　same　time　his　revenues　were　increased　by　the　thorough　cultivation　of　the　country；　since　he　imposed　a　tax　of　one　tenth　on　all　the　produce。　For　the　same　reasons　he　instituted　the　local　justices；'　and　　often　made　expeditions　in　person　into　the　country　to　inspect　it　and　to　settle　disputes　between　individuals；　that　they　might　not　come　into　the　city　and　neglect　their　farms。　It　was　in　one　of　these　progresses　that；　as　the　story　goes；　Pisistratus　had　his　adventure　with　the　man　of　Hymettus；　who　was　cultivating　the　spot　afterwards　known　as　'Tax…free　Farm'。　He　saw　a　man　digging　and　working　at　a　very　stony　piece　of　ground；　and　being　surprised　he　sent　his　attendant　to　ask　what　he　got　out　of　this　plot　of　land。　'Aches　and　pains'；　said　the　man；　　'and　that's　what　Pisistratus　ought　to　have　his　tenth　of'。　The　man　spoke　without　knowing　who　his　questioner　was；　but　Pisistratus　was　so　　leased　with　his　frank　speech　and　his　industry　that　he　granted　him　exemption　from　all　taxes。　And　so　in　matters　in　general　he　burdened　the　people　as　little　as　possible　with　his　government；　but　always　cultivated　peace　and　kept　them　in　all　quietness。　Hence　the　tyranny　of　Pisistratus　　was　often　spoken　of　proverbially　as　'the　age　of　gold'；　for　when　his　sons　succeeded　him　the　government　became　much　harsher。　But　most　important　of　all　in　this　respect　was　his　popular　and　kindly　disposition。　In　all　things　he　was　accustomed　to　observe　the　laws；　without　giving　himself　any　exceptional　privileges。　Once　he　was　summoned　on　a　charge　of　homicide　before　the　Areopagus；　and　he　appeared　in　person　to　make　his　defence；　but　the　prosecutor　was　afraid　to　present　himself　and　abandoned　the　case。　For　these　reasons　he　held　power　long；　　and　whenever　he　was　expelled　he　regained　his　position　easily。　The　　majority　alike　of　the　upper　class　and　of　the　people　were　in　his　favour；　the　former　he　won　by　his　social　intercourse　with　them；　the　latter　by　the　assistance　which　he　gave　to　their　private　purses；　and　his　nature　fitted　him　to　win　the　hearts　of　both。　Moreover；　the　laws　in　reference　to　tyrants　at　that　time　in　force　at　Athens　were　very　mild；　especially　the　one　which　applies　more　particularly　to　the　establishment　of　a　tyranny。　The　law　ran　as　follows：　'These　are　the　ancestral　statutes　of　the　ATHENIANs；　if　any　persons　shall　make　an　attempt　to　establish　a　tyranny；　or　if　any　person　shall　join　　in　setting　up　a　tyranny；　he　shall　lose　his　civic　rights；　both　himself　and　his　whole　house。'

Part　17

　　Thus　did　Pisistratus　grow　old　in　the　possession　of　power；　and　he　died　a　natural　death　in　the　archonship　of　Philoneos；　three　and　thirty　years　from　the　time　at　which　he　first　established　himself　as　tyrant；　during　nineteen　of　which　he　was　in　possession　of　power；　the　rest　he　spent　in　exile。　It　is　evident　from　this　that　the　　story　is　mere　gossip　which　states　that　Pisistratus　was　the　youthful　favourite　of　Solon　and　commanded　in　the　war　against　Megara　for　the　recovery　of　Salamis。　It　will　not　harmonize　with　their　respective　ages；　as　any　one　may　see　who　will　reckon　up　the　years　of　the　life　of　each　of　them；　and　the　dates　at　which　they　died。　After　the　death　of　　Pisistratus　his　sons　took　up　the　government；　and　conducted　it　on　the　same　system。　He　had　two　sons　by　his　first　and　legitimate　wife；　Hippias　and　Hipparchus；　and　two　by　his　Argive　consort；　Iophon　and　Hegesistratus；　who　was　surnamed　Thessalus。　For　Pisistratus　　took　a　wife　from　Argos；　Timonassa；　the　daughter　of　a　man　of　Argos；　named　　Gorgilus；　she　had　previously　been　the　wife　of　Archinus　of　Ambracia；　one　of　the　descendants　of　Cypselus。　This　was　the　origin　of　his　friendship　with　the　Argives；　on　account　of　which　a　thousand　of　them　were　brought　over　by　Hegesistratus　and　fought　on　his　side　in　the　battle　　at　Pallene。　Some　authorities　say　that　this　marriage　took　place　after　his　first　expulsion　from　Athens；　others　while　he　was　in　possession　of　the　government。

Part　18

　　Hippias　and　Hipparchus　assumed　the　control　of　affairs　on　grounds　alike　of　standing　and　of　age；　but　Hippias；　as　being　also　naturally　of　a　statesmanlike　and　shrewd　disposition；　was　really　the　head　of　the　government。　Hipparchus　was　youthful　in　disposition；　amorous；　and　fond　of　literature　（it　was　he　who　invited　to　Athens　Anacreon；　Simonides；　and　the　other　poets）；　while　Thessalus　was　much　junior　in　age；　and　was　violent　and　headstrong　in　his　behaviour。　It　was　from　his　character　that　all　the　evils　arose　which　befell　the　house。　He　became　enamoured　of　Harmodius；　and；　since　he　failed　to　win　his　affection；　he　lost　all　restraint　upon　his　passion；　and　in　addition　to　other　exhibitions　of　rage　he　finally　prevented　the　sister　of　Harmodius　from　taking　the　part　of　a　basket…bearer　in　the　Panathenaic　procession；　alleging　as　his　reason　that　Harmodius　was　a　person　of　loose　life。　Thereupon；　in　a　frenzy　of　wrath；　Harmodius　and　Aristogeiton　did　their　celebrated　deed；　in　conjunction　with　a　number　of　confederates。　But　while　they　were　lying　in　wait　for　Hippias　in　the　Acropolis　at　the　time　of　the　Panathenaea　（Hippias；　at　　this　moment；　was　awaiting　the　arrival　of　the　procession；　while　Hipparchus　was　organizing　its　dispatch）　they　saw　one　of　the　persons　privy　　to　the　plot　talking　familiarly　with　him。　Thinking　that　he　was　betraying　them；　and　desiring　to　do　something　before　they　were　arrested；　they　rushed　down　and　made　their　attempt　without　waiting　for　the　rest　of　their　confederates。　They　succeeded　in　killing　Hipparchus　near　the　Leocoreum　while　he　was　engaged　in　arranging　the　procession；　　but　ruined　the　design　as　a　whole；　of　the　two　leaders；　Harmodius　was　　killed　on　the　spot　by　the　guards；　while　Aristogeiton　was　arrested；　and　perished　later　after　suffering　long　tortures。　While　under　the　torture　he　accused　many　persons　who　belonged　by　birth　to　the　most　distinguished　families　and　were　also　personal　friends　of　the　tyrants。　At　first　the　government　could　find　no　clue　to　the　conspiracy；　for　the　current　story；　that　Hippias　made　all　who　were　taking　part　in　the　procession　leave　their　arms；　and　then　detected　those　who　were　carrying　secret　daggers；　cannot　be　true；　since　at　that　time　they　did　not　bear　arms　in　the　processions；　this　being　a　custom　instituted　at　a　later　period　by　the　democracy。　According　to　the　story　of　the　popular　party；　Aristogeiton　accused　the　friends　of　the　tyrants　with　the　deliberate　intention　that　the　latter　might　commit　an　impious　act；　and　　at　the　same　time　weaken　themselves；　by　putting　to　death　innocent　men　who　were　their　own　friends；　others　say　that　he　told　no　falsehood；　but　was　betraying　the　actual　accomplices。　At　last；　when　for　all　his　　efforts　he　could　not　obtain　release　by　death；　he　promised　to　give　further　information　against　a　number　of　other　persons；　and；　having　induced　Hippias　to　give　him　his　hand　to　confirm　his　word；　as　soon　as　he　had　hold　of　it　he　reviled　him　for　giving　his　hand　to　the　murderer　of　his　brother；　till　Hippias；　in　a　frenzy　of　rage；　lost　control　of　himself　and　snatched　out　his　dagger　and　dispatched　him。

Part　19

　　After　this　event　the　tyranny　became　much　harsher。　In　consequence　of　his　vengeance　for　his　brother；　and　of　the　execution　and　banishment　of　a　large　number　of　persons；　Hippias　became　a　distrusted　and　an　embittered　man。　About　three　years　after　the　death　of　Hipparchus；　finding　his　position　in　the　city　insecure；　he　set　about　fortifying　Munichia；　with　the　intention　of　establishing　　himself　there。　While　he　was　still　engaged　on　this　work；　however；　he　was　expelled　by　Cleomenes；　king　of　Lacedaemon；　in　consequence　of　the　Spartans　being　continually　incited　by　oracles　to　overthrow　the　tyranny。　　These　oracles　were　obtained　in　the　following　way。　The　Athenian　exiles；　　headed　by　the　Alcmeonidae；　could　not　by