the athenian constitution-第15节

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


if　he　is　found　guilty　the　people　decide　what　punishment　or　fine　shall　be　inflicted　on　him；　but　if　he　is　acquitted　he　resumes　his　office。　The　Generals　have　full　power；　when　on　active　service；　to　arrest　any　one　for　insubordination；　or　to　cashier　him　publicly；　or　to　inflict　a　fine；　the　latter　is；　however；　unusual。　　　There　are　also　ten　Taxiarchs；　one　from　each　tribe；　elected　by　open　vote；　and　each　commands　his　own　tribesmen　and　appoints　captains　of　companies　（Lochagi）。　There　are　also　two　Hipparchs；　elected　by　open　vote　from　the　whole　mass　of　the　citizens；　who　command　the　cavalry；　each　taking　five　tribes。　They　have　the　same　powers　as　the　Generals　have　in　respect　of　the　infantry；　and　their　appointments　are　also　subject　to　confirmation。　There　are　also　ten　Phylarchs；　　elected　by　open　vote；　one　from　each　tribe；　to　command　the　cavalry；　as　the　　Taxiarchs　do　the　infantry。　There　is　also　a　Hipparch　for　Lemnos；　elected　by　open　vote；　who　has　charge　of　the　cavalry　in　Lemnos。　There　is　also　a　treasurer　of　the　Paralus；　and　another　of　the　Ammonias；　similarly　elected。

Part　62

　　Of　the　magistrates　elected　by　lot；　in　former　times　some　including　the　nine　Archons；　were　elected　out　of　the　tribe　as　a　whole；　while　others；　namely　those　who　are　now　elected　in　the　Theseum；　were　apportioned　among　the　demes；　but　since　the　demes　used　to　sell　the　elections；　these　magistrates　too　are　now　elected　from　the　　whole　tribe；　except　the　members　of　the　Council　and　the　guards　of　the　　dockyards；　who　are　still　left　to　the　demes。　　　Pay　is　received　for　the　following　services。　First　the　　members　of　the　Assembly　receive　a　drachma　for　the　ordinary　meetings；　and　nine　obols　for　the　'sovereign'　meeting。　Then　the　jurors　at　the　　law…courts　receive　three　obols；　and　the　members　of　the　Council　five　obols。　They　Prytanes　receive　an　allowance　of　an　obol　for　their　maintenance。　The　nine　Archons　receive　four　obols　apiece　for　maintenance；　and　also　keep　a　herald　and　a　flute…player；　and　the　Archon　for　Salamis　receives　a　drachma　a　day。　The　Commissioners　for　Games　dine　in　the　Prytaneum　during　the　month　of　Hecatombaeon　in　which　the　Panathenaic　festival　takes　place；　from　the　fourteenth　day　onwards。　The　Amphictyonic　deputies　to　Delos　receive　a　drachma　a　day　from　the　exchequer　of　Delos。　Also　all　magistrates　sent　to　Samos；　Scyros；　Lemnos；　or　Imbros　receive　an　allowance　for　their　maintenance。　The　military　offices　may　be　held　any　number　of　times；　but　none　of　the　others　more　than　once；　except　the　membership　of　the　Council；　　which　may　be　held　twice。

Part　63

　　The　juries　for　the　law…courts　are　chosen　by　lot　by　the　　nine　Archons；　each　for　their　own　tribe；　and　by　the　clerk　to　the　　Thesmothetae　for　the　tenth。　There　are　ten　entrances　into　the　courts；　one　for　each　tribe；　twenty　rooms　in　which　the　lots　are　drawn；　two　for　each　tribe；　a　hundred　chests；　ten　for　each　tribe；　other　chests；　in　which　are　placed　the　tickets　of　the　jurors　on　whom　the　lot　falls；　and　　two　vases。　Further；　staves；　equal　in　number　to　the　jurors　required；　are　　placed　by　the　side　of　each　entrance；　and　counters　are　put　into　one　vase；　equal　in　number　to　the　staves。　These　are　inscribed　with　letters　of　the　alphabet　beginning　with　the　eleventh　（lambda）；　equal　in　number　to　the　courts　which　require　to　be　filled。　All　persons　above　thirty　years　of　age　are　qualified　to　serve　as　jurors；　provided　they　are　not　debtors　to　the　state　and　have　not　lost　their　civil　rights。　If　any　unqualified　person　serves　as　juror；　an　information　is　laid　against　him；　and　he　is　brought　before　the　court；　and；　if　he　is　convicted；　the　jurors　assess　the　punishment　or　fine　which　they　consider　him　to　deserve。　If　he　is　condemned　to　a　money　fine；　he　must　be　imprisoned　until　he　has　paid　up　both　the　original　debt；　on　account　of　which　the　information　was　laid　against　him；　and　also　the　fine　which　　the　court　as　imposed　upon　him。　Each　juror　has　his　ticket　of　boxwood；　on　which　is　inscribed　his　name；　with　the　name　of　his　father　and　his　deme；　and　one　of　the　letters　of　the　alphabet　up　to　kappa；　for　the　jurors　in　their　several　tribes　are　divided　into　ten　sections；　with　　approximately　an　equal　number　in　each　letter。　When　the　Thesmothetes　has　decided　by　lot　which　letters　are　required　to　attend　at　the　courts；　the　servant　puts　up　above　each　court　the　letter　which　has　been　assigned　to　it　by　the　lot。

Part　64

　　The　ten　chests　above　mentioned　are　placed　in　front　of　the　entrance　used　by　each　tribe；　and　are　inscribed　with　the　letters　of　　the　alphabet　from　alpha　to　kappa。　The　jurors　cast　in　their　tickets；　each　into　the　chest　on　which　is　inscribed　the　letter　which　is　on　his　ticket；　then　the　servant　shakes　them　all　up；　and　the　Archon　draws　one　ticket　from　each　chest。　The　individual　so　selected　is　called　the　Ticket…hanger　（Empectes）；　and　his　function　is　to　hang　up　the　tickets　out　of　his　chest　on　the　bar　which　bears　the　same　letter　as　that　on　the　chest。　He　is　chosen　by　lot；　lest；　if　the　Ticket…hanger　were　always　the　same　person；　he　might　tamper　with　the　results。　There　are　five　of　　these　bars　in　each　of　the　rooms　assigned　for　the　lot…drawing。　Then　the　Archon　casts　in　the　dice　and　thereby　chooses　the　jurors　from　each　　tribe；　room　by　room。　The　dice　are　made　of　brass；　coloured　black　or　white；　and　according　to　the　number　of　jurors　required；　so　many　white　　dice　are　put　in；　one　for　each　five　tickets；　while　the　remainder　are　black；　in　the　same　proportion。　As　the　Archon　draws　out　the　dice；　the　crier　　calls　out　the　names　of　the　individuals　chosen。　The　Ticket…hanger　is　included　among　those　selected。　Each　juror；　as　he　is　chosen　and　answers　to　his　name；　draws　a　counter　from　the　vase；　and　holding　it　out　with　the　letter　uppermost　shows　it　first　to　the　presiding　Archon；　and　he；　when　he　has　seen　it；　throws　the　ticket　of　the　juror　into　the　chest　on　which　is　inscribed　the　letter　which　is　on　the　counter；　so　that　the　juror　must　go　into　the　court　assigned　to　him　by　lot；　and　not　into　one　chosen　by　himself；　and　that　it　may　be　impossible　for　any　one　to　collect　the　jurors　of　his　choice　into　any　particular　　court。　For　this　purpose　chests　are　placed　near　the　Archon；　as　many　in　number　as　there　are　courts　to　be　filled　that　day；　bearing　the　letters　of　the　courts　on　which　the　lot　has　fallen。

Part　65

　　The　juror　thereupon；　after　showing　his　counter　again　to　the　attendant；　passes　through　the　barrier　into　the　court。　The　attendant　gives　him　a　staff　of　the　same　colour　as　the　court　bearing　the　letter　which　is　on　his　counter；　so　as　to　ensure　his　going　into　the　court　assigned　to　him　by　lot；　since；　if　he　were　to　go　into　any　other；　he　would　be　betrayed　by　the　colour　of　his　staff。　Each　court　has　　a　certain　colour　painted　on　the　lintel　of　the　entrance。　Accordingly　the　juror；　bearing　his　staff；　enters　the　court　which　has　the　same　colour　as　his　staff；　and　the　same　letter　as　his　counter。　As　he　enters；　he　　receives　a　voucher　from　the　official　to　whom　this　duty　has　been　assigned　by　lot。　So　with　their　counters　and　their　staves　the　selected　jurors　take　their　seats　in　the　court；　having　thus　completed　the　process　of　admission。　The　unsuccessful　candidates　receive　back　their　　tickets　from　the　Ticket…hangers。　The　public　servants　carry　the　chests　from　each　tribe；　one　to　each　court；　containing　the　names　of　the　members　of　the　tribe　who　are　in　that　court；　and　hand　them　over　to　the　officials　assigned　to　the　duty　of　giving　back　their　tickets　to　the　jurors　in　each　court；　so　that　these　officials　may　call　them　up　by　name　and　pay　them　their　fee。

Part　66

　　When　all　the　courts　are　full；　two　ballot　boxes　are　placed　in　the　first　court；　and　a　number　of　brazen　dice；　bearing　the　colours　of　the　several　courts；　and　other　dice　inscribed　with　the　names　of　the　presiding　magistrates。　Then　two　of　the　Thesmothetae；　selected　by　lot；　severally　throw　the　dice　with　the　colours　into　one　box；　　and　those　with　the　magistrates'　names　into　the　other。　The　magistrate　whose　name　is　first　drawn　is　thereupon　proclaimed　by　the　crier　as　assigned　for　duty　in　the　court　which　is　first　drawn；　and　the　second　in　the　second；　and　similarly　with　the　rest。　The　object　of　this　procedure　is　that　no　one　may　know　which　court　he　will　have；　but　that　each　may　take　the　court　assigned　to　him　by　lot。　　　When　the　jurors　have　come　in；　and　have　been　assigned　to　their　respective　courts；　the　presiding　magistrate　in　each　court　draws　one　ticket　out　of　each　chest　（making　ten　in　all；　one　out　of　each　tribe）；　and　throws　them　into　another　empty　chest。　He　then　draws　out　five　of　them；　and　assigns　one　to　the　superintendence　of　the　water…clock；　and　the　other　four　to　the　telling　of　the　votes。　This　is　to　prevent　any　tampering　beforehand　with　either　the　superintendent　of　the　clock　or　the　tellers　of　the　votes；　and　to　secure　that　there　is　no　malpractice　in　these　respects。　The　five　who　have　not　been　selected　for　these　duties　receive　from　them　a　statement　of　the　order　in　which　the　jurors　shall　receive　their　fees；　and　of　the　places　where　the　several　tribes　shall　respectively　gather　in　the　court　for　this　purpose　when　their　duties　are　completed；　the　object　being　that　the　jurors　may　be　broken　up　into　small　groups　for　the　reception　of　their　pay；　and　not　all　crowd　together　and　impede　one　another。

Part　67

　　These　preliminaries　being　concluded；　the　cases　are　called　on。　If　it　is　a　day　for　private　cases；　the　private　litigants　are　called。　Four