the athenian constitution-第14节

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not　suffer　any　penalty）；　injury　to　orphans　（these　actions　lie　against　their　guardians）；　injury　to　a　ward　of　state　（these　lie　against　their　guardians　or　their　husbands）；　injury　to　an　orphan's　estate　（these　too　lie　against　the　guardians）；　mental　derangement；　where　a　party　charges　another　with　destroying　his　own　property　through　unsoundness　of　mind；　for　appointment　of　liquidators；　where　a　party　refuses　to　divide　property　in　which　others　have　a　share；　for　constituting　a　wardship；　for　determining　between　rival　claims　to　a　wardship；　for　granting　inspection　of　property　to　which　another　party　lays　　claim；　for　appointing　oneself　as　guardian；　and　for　determining　disputes　as　to　inheritances　and　wards　of　state。　The　Archon　also　has　the　care　of　orphans　and　wards　of　state；　and　of　women　who；　on　the　death　of　their　husbands；　declare　themselves　to　be　with　child；　and　he　has　power　to　inflict　a　fine　on　those　who　offend　against　the　persons　under　his　charge；　or　to　bring　the　case　before　the　law…courts。　He　also　　leases　the　houses　of　orphans　and　wards　of　state　until　they　reach　the　age　of　fourteen；　and　takes　mortgages　on　them；　and　if　the　guardians　fail　to　provide　the　necessary　food　for　the　children　under　their　charge；　he　exacts　it　from　them。　Such　are　the　duties　of　the　Archon。

Part　57

　　The　King　in　the　first　place　superintends　the　mysteries；　in　conjunction　with　the　Superintendents　of　Mysteries。　The　latter　are　elected　in　the　Assembly　by　open　vote；　two　from　the　general　body　of　Athenians；　one　from　the　Eumolpidae；　and　one　from　the　　Ceryces。　Next；　he　superintends　the　Lenaean　Dionysia；　which　consists　of　a　procession　and　a　contest。　The　procession　is　ordered　by　the　King　and　the　Superintendents　in　conjunction；　but　the　contest　is　managed　　by　the　King　alone。　He　also　manages　all　the　contests　of　the　torch…race；　and　to　speak　broadly；　he　administers　all　the　ancestral　sacrifices。　Indictments　for　impiety　come　before　him；　or　any　disputes　between　parties　concerning　priestly　rites；　and　he　also　determines　all　controversies　concerning　sacred　rites　for　the　ancient　　families　and　the　priests。　All　actions　for　homicide　come　before　him；　and　it　is　he　that　makes　the　proclamation　requiring　polluted　persons　to　keep　away　from　sacred　ceremonies。　Actions　for　homicide　and　wounding　are　　heard；　if　the　homicide　or　wounding　be　willful；　in　the　Areopagus；　so　also　　in　cases　of　killing　by　poison；　and　of　arson。　These　are　the　only　cases　heard　by　that　Council。　Cases　of　unintentional　homicide；　or　of　intent　to　kill；　or　of　killing　a　slave　or　a　resident　alien　or　a　foreigner；　　are　heard　by　the　court　of　Palladium。　When　the　homicide　is　acknowledged；　but　legal　justification　is　pleaded；　as　when　a　man　takes　an　adulterer　　in　the　act；　or　kills　another　by　mistake　in　battle；　or　in　an　athletic　contest；　the　prisoner　is　tried　in　the　court　of　Delphinium。　If　a　man　who　is　in　banishment　for　a　homicide　which　admits　of　reconcilliation　incurs　a　further　charge　of　killing　or　wounding；　he　is　tried　in　　Phreatto；　and　he　makes　his　defence　from　a　boat　moored　near　the　shore。　All　these　cases；　except　those　which　are　heard　in　the　Areopagus；　are　　tried　by　the　Ephetae　on　whom　the　lot　falls。　The　King　introduces　them；　and　the　hearing　is　held　within　sacred　precincts　and　in　the　open　air。　Whenever　the　King　hears　a　case　he　takes　off　his　crown。　The　person　who　is　charged　with　homicide　is　at　all　other　times　excluded　from　the　temples；　nor　is　it　even　lawful　for　him　to　enter　the　market…place；　but　on　the　occasion　of　his　trial　he　enters　the　temple　and　makes　his　defence。　If　the　actual　offender　is　unknown；　the　writ　runs　　against　'the　doer　of　the　deed'。　The　King　and　the　tribe…kings　also　hear　　the　cases　in　which　the　guilt　rests　on　inanimate　objects　and　the　lower　animal。　Part　58

　　The　Polemarch　performs　the　sacrifices　to　Artemis　the　　huntress　and　to　Enyalius；　and　arranges　the　contest　at　the　funeral　of　those　who　have　fallen　in　war；　and　makes　offerings　to　the　memory　of　Harmodius　and　Aristogeiton。　Only　private　actions　come　before　him；　namely　those　in　which　resident　aliens；　both　ordinary　and　privileged；　and　agents　of　foreign　states　are　concerned。　It　is　his　duty　to　receive　these　cases　and　divide　them　into　ten　groups；　and　assign　to　each　tribe　the　group　which　comes　to　it　by　lot；　after　which　the　magistrates　who　introduce　cases　for　the　tribe　hand　them　over　to　the　Arbitrators。　The　Polemarch；　however；　brings　up　in　person　cases　in　which　an　alien　is　charged　with　deserting　his　patron　or　neglecting　to　provide　himself　with　one；　and　also　of　inheritances　and　wards　of　state　where　　aliens　are　concerned；　and　in　fact；　generally；　whatever　the　Archon　does　for　citizens；　the　Polemarch　does　for　aliens。

Part　59

　　The　Thesmothetae　in　the　first　place　have　the　power　of　　prescribing　on　what　days　the　lawcourts　are　to　sit；　and　next　of　assigning　them　to　the　several　magistrates；　for　the　latter　must　follow　the　arrangement　which　the　Thesmothetae　assign。　Moreover　they　introduce　impeachments　before　the　Assembly；　and　bring　up　all　votes　for　removal　from　office；　challenges　of　a　magistrate's　conduct　before　the　Assembly；　indictments　for　illegal　proposals；　or　for　proposing　a　law　which　is　contrary　to　the　interests　of　the　state；　complaints　against　Proedri　or　their　president　for　their　conduct　in　office；　and　the　accounts　presented　by　the　generals。　All　indictments　also　come　before　them　in　which　a　deposit　has　to　be　made　by　the　prosecutor；　namely；　indictments　for　concealment　of　foreign　origin；　for　corrupt　evasion　of　foreign　origin　（when　a　man　escapes　the　disqualification　by　bribery）；　for　blackmailing　accusations；　bribery；　false　entry　of　another　as　a　state　debtor；　false　testimony　to　the　service　of　a　summons；　conspiracy　to　enter　a　man　as　a　state　debtor；　corrupt　removal　from　the　list　of　debtors；　and　adultery。　They　also　　bring　up　the　examinations　of　all　magistrates；　and　the　rejections　by　the　demes　and　the　condemnations　by　the　Council。　Moreover　they　bring　up　certain　private　suits　in　cases　of　merchandise　and　mines；　or　where　a　slave　has　slandered　a　free　man。　It　is　they　also　who　cast　lots　to　assign　the　courts　to　the　various　magistrates；　whether　for　private　or　public　cases。　They　ratify　commercial　treaties；　and　bring　up　the　cases　which　arise　out　of　such　treaties；　and　they　also　bring　up　cases　of　perjury　from　the　Areopagus。　The　casting　of　lots　for　the　jurors　is　　conducted　by　all　the　nine　Archons；　with　the　clerk　to　the　Thesmothetae　as　　the　tenth；　each　performing　the　duty　for　his　own　tribe。　Such　are　the　　duties　of　the　nine　Archons。

Part　60

　　There　are　also　ten　Commissioners　of　Games　（Athlothetae）；　elected　by　lot；　one　from　each　tribe。　These　officers；　after　passing　an　examination；　serve　for　four　years；　and　they　manage　the　Panathenaic　procession；　the　contest　in　music　and　that　in　gymnastic；　and　the　horse…race；　they　also　provide　the　robe　of　Athena　and；　in　conjunction　with　the　Council；　the　vases；　and　they　present　the　oil　to　the　　athletes。　This　oil　is　collected　from　the　sacred　olives。　The　Archon　requisitions　it　from　the　owners　of　the　farms　on　which　the　sacred　olives　grow；　at　the　rate　of　three…quarters　of　a　pint　from　each　plant。　Formerly　the　state　used　to　sell　the　fruit　itself；　and　if　any　one　dug　up　or　broke　down　one　of　the　sacred　olives；　he　was　　tried　by　the　Council　of　Areopagus；　and　if　he　was　condemned；　the　penalty　was　death。　Since；　however；　the　oil　has　been　paid　by　the　owner　of　　the　farm；　the　procedure　has　lapsed；　though　the　law　remains；　and　the　oil　is　a　state　charge　upon　the　property　instead　of　being　taken　from　the　individual　plants。　When；　then；　the　Archon　has　collected　the　oil　for　his　year　of　office；　he　hands　it　over　to　the　Treasurers　to　preserve　in　the　Acropolis；　and　he　may　not　take　his　seat　in　the　Areopagus　until　he　has　paid　over　to　the　Treasurers　the　full　amount。　The　Treasurers　keep　it　in　the　Acropolis　until　the　Panathenaea；　when　they　measure　it　out　to　the　Commissioners　of　Games；　and　they　again　to　the　victorious　competitors。　The　prizes　for　the　victors　in　the　musical　contest　consist　of　silver　and　gold；　for　the　victors　in　manly　vigour；　of　shields；　and　for　the　victors　in　the　gymnastic　contest　and　the　horse…race；　of　oil。

Part　61

　　All　officers　connected　with　military　service　are　elected　by　open　vote。　In　the　first　place；　ten　Generals　（Strategi）；　who　were　formerly　elected　one　from　each　tribe；　but　now　are　chosen　from　the　　whole　mass　of　citizens。　Their　duties　are　assigned　to　them　by　open　vote；　one　is　appointed　to　command　the　heavy　infantry；　and　leads　them　if　　they　go　out　to　war；　one　to　the　defence　of　the　country；　who　remains　on　the　defensive；　and　fights　if　there　is　war　within　the　borders　of　the　country；　two　to　Piraeus；　one　of　whom　is　assigned　to　Munichia；　and　one　to　the　south　shore；　and　these　have　charge　of　the　defence　of　the　Piraeus；　and　one　to　superintend　the　symmories；　who　nominates　the　trierarchs　arranges　exchanges　of　properties　for　them；　and　brings　up　actions　to　decide　on　rival　claims　in　connexion　with　them。　　The　rest　are　dispatched　to　whatever　business　may　be　on　hand　at　the　moment。　The　appointment　of　these　officers　is　submitted　for　confirmation　in　each　prytany；　when　the　question　is　put　whether　they　are　considered　to　be　doing　their　duty。　If　any　officer　is　rejected　on　this　vote；　　he　is　tried　in　the　lawcourt；　and　if　he　is　found　guilty　the　people　decide　what　punishment　or　fine　shall　be　inflicted　on　him；　but　if　he