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with hammer and chisel; at the expense of much dirt and patience; 

for the moment it is touched it contracts deep into the rock; and 

all that is left of the daisy flower; some two or three inches 

across; is a blue knot of half the size of a marble。  But it will 

expand again; after a day or two of captivity; and will repay all 

the trouble which it has cost。  Troglodytes may be found; as I have 

said already; in hundreds at Hastings; in similar situations to 

that of Bellis; its only token; when the tide is down; being a 

round dimple in the muddy sand which firs the lower cracks of 

rocks。



But you will want more than these anemones; both for your own 

amusement; and for the health of your tank。  Microscopic animals 

will breed; and will also die; and you need for them some such 

scavenger as our poor friend Squinado; to whom you were introduced 

a few pages back。  Turn; then; a few stones which lie piled on each 

other at extreme low…water mark; and five minutes' search will give 

you the very animal you want; … a little crab; of a dingy russet 

above; and on the under side like smooth porcelain。  His back is 

quite flat; and so are his large angular fringed claws; which; when 

he folds them up; lie in the same plane with his shell; and fit 

neatly into its edges。  Compact little rogue that he is; made 

especially for sidling in and out of cracks and crannies; he 

carries with him such an apparatus of combs and brushes as Isidor 

or Floris never dreamed of; with which he sweeps out of the sea…

water at every moment shoals of minute animalcules; and sucks them 

into his tiny mouth。  Mr。 Gosse will tell you more of this marvel; 

in his 〃Aquarium;〃 p。 48。



Next; your sea…weeds; if they thrive as they ought to do; will sow 

their minute spores in millions around them; and these; as they 

vegetate; will form a green film on the inside of the glass; 

spoiling your prospect:  you may rub it off for yourself; if you 

will; with a rag fastened to a stick; but if you wish at once to 

save yourself trouble; and to see how all emergencies in nature are 

provided for; you will set three or four live shells to do it for 

you; and to keep your sub…aqueous lawn close mown。



That last word is no figure of speech。  Look among the beds of sea…

weed for a few of the bright yellow or green sea…snails (Nerita); 

or Conical Tops (Trochus); especially that beautiful pink one 

spotted with brown (Ziziphinus); which you are sure to find about 

shaded rock…ledges at dead low tide; and put them into your 

aquarium。  For the present; they will only nibble the green ulvae; 

but when the film of young weed begins to form; you will see it 

mown off every morning as fast as it grows; in little semicircular 

sweeps; just as if a fairy's scythe had been at work during the 

night。



And a scythe has been at work; none other than the tongue of the 

little shell…fish; a description of its extraordinary mechanism 

(too long to quote here; but which is well worth reading) may be 

found in Gosse's 〃Aquarium。〃 (32)



A prawn or two; and a few minute star…fish; will make your aquarium 

complete; though you may add to it endlessly; as one glance at the 

salt…water tanks of the Zoological Gardens; and the strange and 

beautiful forms which they contain; will prove to you sufficiently。



You have two more enemies to guard against; dust; and heat。  If the 

surface of the water becomes clogged with dust; the communication 

between it and the life…giving oxygen of the air is cut off; and 

then your animals are liable to die; for the very same reason that 

fish die in a pond which is long frozen over; unless a hole be 

broken in the ice to admit the air。  You must guard against this by 

occasional stirring of the surface; or; as I have already said; by 

syringing and by keeping on a cover。  A piece of muslin tied over 

will do; but a better defence is a plate of glass; raised on wire 

some half…inch above the edge; so as to admit the air。  I am not 

sure that a sheet of brown paper laid over the vase is not the best 

of all; because that; by its shade; also guards against the next 

evil; which is heat。  Against that you must guard by putting a 

curtain of muslin or oiled paper between the vase and the sun; if 

it be very fierce; or simply (for simple expedients are best) by 

laying a handkerchief over it till the heat is past。  But if you 

leave your vase in a sunny window long enough to let the water get 

tepid; all is over with your pets。  Half an hour's boiling may 

frustrate the care of weeks。  And yet; on the other hand; light you 

must have; and you can hardly have too much。  Some animals 

certainly prefer shade; and hide in the darkest crannies; and for 

them; if your aquarium is large enough; you must provide shade; by 

arranging the bits of stone into piles and caverns。  But without 

light; your sea…weeds will neither thrive nor keep the water sweet。  

With plenty of light you will see; to quote Mr。 Gosse once more; 

(33) 〃thousands of tiny globules forming on every plant; and even 

all over the stones; where the infant vegetation is beginning to 

grow; and these globules presently rise in rapid succession to the 

surface all over the vessel; and this process goes on 

uninterruptedly as long as the rays of the sun are uninterrupted。



〃Now these globules consist of PURE OXYGEN; given out by the plants 

under the stimulus of light; and to this oxygen the animals in the 

tank owe their life。  The difference between the profusion of 

oxygen…bubbles produced on a sunny day; and the paucity of those 

seen on a dark cloudy day; or in a northern aspect; is very 

marked。〃  Choose; therefore; a south or east window; but draw down 

the blind; or throw a handkerchief over all if the heat become 

fierce。  The water should always feel cold to your hand; let the 

temperature outside be what it may。



Next; you must make up for evaporation by FRESH water (a very 

little will suffice); as often as in summer you find the water in 

your vase sink below its original level; and prevent the water from 

getting too salt。  For the salts; remember; do not evaporate with 

the water; and if you left the vase in the sun for a few weeks; it 

would become a mere brine…pan。



But how will you move your treasures up to town?



The simplest plan which I have found successful is an earthen jar。  

You may buy them with a cover which screws on with two iron clasps。  

If you do not find such; a piece of oilskin tied over the mouth is 

enough。  But do not fill the jar full of water; leave about a 

quarter of the contents in empty air; which the water may absorb; 

and so keep itself fresh。  And any pieces of stone; or oysters; 

which you send up; hang by a string from the mouth; that they may 

not hurt tender animals by rolling about the bottom。  With these 

simple precautions; anything which you are likely to find will well 

endure forty…eight hours of travel。



What if the water fails; after all?



Then Mr。 Gosse's artificial sea…water will form a perfect 

substitute。  You may buy the requisite salts (for there are more 

salts than 〃salt〃 in sea…water) from any chemist to whom Mr。 Gosse 

has entrusted his discovery; and; according to his directions; make 

sea…water for yourself



One more hint before we part。  If; after all; you are not going 

down to the sea…side this year; and have no opportunities of 

testing 〃the wonders of the shore;〃 you may still study Natural 

History in your own drawing…room; by looking a little into 〃the 

wonders of the pond。〃



I am not jesting; a fresh…water aquarium; though by no means as 

beautiful as a salt…water one; is even more easily established。  A 

glass jar; floored with two or three inches of pond…mud (which 

should be covered with fine gravel to prevent the mud washing up); 

a specimen of each of two water…plants which you may buy now at any 

good shop in Covent Garden; Vallisneria spiralis (which is said to 

give to the Canvas…backed duck of America its peculiar richness of 

flavour); and Anacharis alsinastrum; that magical weed which; 

lately introduced from Canada among timber; has multiplied; self…

sown; to so prodigious an extent; that it bid fair; a few years 

since; to choke the navigation not only of our canals and fen…

rivers; but of the Thames itself:  (34) or; in default of these; 

some of the more delicate pond…weeds; such as Callitriche; 

Potamogeton pusillum; and; best of all; perhaps; the beautiful 

Water…Milfoil (Myriophyllium); whose comb…like leaves are the 

haunts of numberless rare and curious animalcules:… these (in 

themselves; from the transparency of their circulation; interesting 

microscopic objects) for oxygen…breeding vegetables; and for 

animals; the pickings of any pond; a minnow or two; an eft; a few 

of the delicate pond…snails (unless they devour your plants too 

rapidly):  water…beetles; of a

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