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第23节

glaucus-第23节

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(so minute these last; that their motion only betrays their 

presence); each tiniest atom of decaying matter in the surrounding 

water; to convert it; by some wondrous alchemy; into fresh cells 

and buds; and either build up a fresh branch in their thousand…

tenanted tree; or form an egg…cell; from whence when ripe may 

issue; not a fixed zoophyte; but a free swimming animal。



And in the meanwhile; among this animal forest grows a vegetable 

one of delicatest sea…weeds; green and brown and crimson; whose 

office is; by their everlasting breath; to reoxygenate the impure 

water; and render it fit once more to be breathed by the higher 

animals who swim or creep around。



Mystery of mysteries!  Let us jest no more; … Heaven forgive us if 

we have jested too much on so simple a matter as that poor spider…

crab; taken out of the lobster…pots; and left to die at the bottom 

of the boat; because his more aristocratic cousins of the blue and 

purple armour will not enter the trap while he is within。



I am not aware whether the surmise; that these tiny zoophytes help 

to purify the water by exhaling oxygen gas; has yet been verified。  

The infusorial animalcules do so; reversing the functions of animal 

life; and instead of evolving carbonic acid gas; as other animals 

do; evolve pure oxygen。  So; at least; says Liebig; who states that 

he found a small piece of matchwood; just extinguished; burst out 

again into a flame on being immersed in the bubbles given out by 

these living atomies。



I myself should be inclined to doubt that this is the case with 

zoophytes; having found water in which they were growing (unless; 

of course; sea…weeds were present) to be peculiarly ready to become 

foul; but it is difficult to say whether this is owing to their 

deoxygenating the water while alive; like other animals; or to the 

fact that it is very rare to get a specimen of zoophyte in which a 

large number of the polypes have not been killed in the transit 

home; or at least so far knocked about; that (in the Anthozoa; 

which are far the most abundant) the polype … or rather living 

mouth; for it is little more … is thrown off to decay; pending the 

growth of a fresh one in the same cell。



But all the sea…weeds; in common with other vegetables; perform 

this function continually; and thus maintain the water in which 

they grow in a state fit to support animal life。



This fact … first advanced by Priestley and Ingenhousz; and though 

doubted by the great Ellis; satisfactorily ascertained by Professor 

Daubeny; Mr。 Ward; Dr。 Johnston; and Mr。 Warrington … gives an 

answer to the question; which I hope has ere now arisen in the 

minds of some of my readers; …



How is it possible to see these wonders at home?  Beautiful and 

instructive as they may be; can they be meant for any but dwellers 

by the sea…side?  Nay more; even to them; must not the glories of 

the water…world be always more momentary than those of the rainbow; 

a mere Fata Morgana which breaks up and vanishes before the eyes?  

If there were but some method of making a miniature sea…world for a 

few days; much more of keeping one with us when far inland。 …



This desideratum has at last been filled up; and science has shown; 

as usual; that by simply obeying Nature; we may conquer her; even 

so far as to have our miniature sea; of artificial salt…water; 

filled with living plants and sea…weeds; maintaining each other in 

perfect health; and each following; as far as is possible in a 

confined space; its natural habits。



To Dr。 Johnston is due; as far as is known; the honour of the first 

accomplishment of this as of a hundred other zoological triumphs。  

As early as 1842; he proved to himself the vegetable nature of the 

common pink Coralline; which fringes every rock…pool; by keeping it 

for eight weeks in unchanged salt…water; without any putrefaction 

ensuing。  The ground; of course; on which the proof rested in this 

case was; that if the coralline were; as had often been thought; a 

zoophyte; the water would become corrupt; and poisonous to the life 

of the small animals in the same jar; and that its remaining fresh 

argued that the coralline had re…oxygenated it from time to time; 

and was therefore a vegetable。



In 1850; Mr。 Robert Warrington communicated to the Chemical Society 

the results of a year's experiments; 〃On the Adjustment of the 

Relations between the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms; by which the 

Vital Functions of both are permanently maintained。〃  The law which 

his experiments verified was the same as that on which Mr。 Ward; in 

1842; founded his invaluable proposal for increasing the purity of 

the air in large towns; by planting trees and cultivating flowers 

in rooms; THAT THE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE RESPIRATIONS MIGHT 

COUNTERBALANCE EACH OTHER; the animal's blood being purified by the 

oxygen given off by the plants; the plants fed by the carbonic acid 

breathed out by the animals。



On the same principle; Mr。 Warrington first kept; for many months; 

in a vase of unchanged water; two small gold fish and a plant of 

Vallisneria spiralis; and two years afterwards began a similar 

experiment with sea…water; weeds; and anemones; which were; at 

last; as successful as the former ones。  Mr。 Gosse had; in the 

meanwhile; with tolerable success begun a similar method; unaware 

of what Mr。 Warrington had done; and now the beautiful and curious 

exhibition of fresh and salt water tanks in the Zoological Gardens 

in London; bids fair to be copied in every similar institution; and 

we hope in many private houses; throughout the kingdom。



To this subject Mr。 Gosse's book; 〃The Aquarium;〃 is principally 

devoted; though it contains; besides; sketches of coast scenery; in 

his usual charming style; and descriptions of rare sea…animals; 

with wise and goodly reflections thereon。  One great object of 

interest in the book is the last chapter; which treats fully of the 

making and stocking these salt…water 〃Aquaria;〃 and the various 

beautifully coloured plates; which are; as it were; sketches from 

the interior of tanks; are well fitted to excite the desire of all 

readers to possess such gorgeous living pictures; if as nothing 

else; still as drawing…room ornaments; flower…gardens which never 

wither; fairy lakes of perpetual calm which no storm blackens; …



'Greek text which cannot be reproduced'



Those who have never seen one of them can never imagine (and 

neither Mr。 Gosse's pencil nor my clumsy words can ever describe to 

them) the gorgeous colouring and the grace and delicacy of form 

which these subaqueous landscapes exhibit。



As for colouring; … the only bit of colour which I can remember 

even faintly resembling them (for though Correggio's Magdalene may 

rival them in greens and blues; yet even he has no such crimsons 

and purples) is the Adoration of the Shepherds; by that 〃prince of 

colorists〃 … Palma Vecchio; which hangs on the left…hand side of 

Lord Ellesmere's great gallery。  But as for the forms; … where 

shall we see their like?  Where; amid miniature forests as 

fantastic as those of the tropics; animals whose shapes outvie the 

wildest dreams of the old German ghost painters which cover the 

walls of the galleries of Brussels or Antwerp?  And yet the 

uncouthest has some quaint beauty of its own; while most … the 

star…fishes and anemones; for example … are nothing but beauty。  

The brilliant plates in Mr。 Gosse's 〃Aquarium〃 give; after all; but 

a meagre picture of the reality; as it may be seen in the tank…

house at the Zoological Gardens; and as it may be seen also; by 

anyone who will follow carefully the directions given at the end of 

his book; stock a glass vase with such common things as he may find 

in an hour's search at low tide; and so have an opportunity of 

seeing how truly Mr。 Gosse says; in his valuable preface; that …



〃The habits〃 (and he might well have added; the marvellous beauty) 

〃of animals will never be thoroughly known till they are observed 

in detail。  Nor is it sufficient to mark them with attention now 

and then; they must be closely watched; their various actions 

carefully noted; their behaviour under different circumstances; and 

especially those movements which seem to us mere vagaries; 

undirected by any suggestible motive or cause; well examined。  A 

rich fruit of result; often new and curious and unexpected; will; I 

am sure; reward anyone who studies living animals in this way。  The 

most interesting parts; by far; of published Natural History are 

those minute; but graphic particulars; which have been gathered up 

by an attentive watching of individual animals。〃



Mr。 Gosse's own books; certainly; give proof enough of this。  We 

need only direct the reader to his exquisitely humorous account of 

the ways and works of a captive soldier…crab; (31) to show them how 

much there i

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