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to plain likeness; call 〃mermaid's head;〃 (12) which we picked up 

just now on Paignton Sands?  Or which; again; by its more beautiful 

little congener; (13) five or six of which are adhering tightly to 

the slab before us; a ball covered with delicate spines of lilac 

and green; and stuck over (cunning fellows!) with stripes of dead 

sea…weed to serve as improvised parasols?  One cannot say that in 

him we have the first type of the human skull:  for the 

resemblance; quaint as it is; is only sensuous and accidental; (in 

the logical use of that term;) and not homological; I。E。 a lower 

manifestation of the same idea。  Yet how is one tempted to say; 

that this was Nature's first and lowest attempt at that use of 

hollow globes of mineral for protecting soft fleshy parts; which 

she afterwards developed to such perfection in the skulls of 

vertebrate animals!  But even that conceit; pretty as it sounds; 

will not hold good; for though Radiates similar to these were among 

the earliest tenants of the abyss; yet as early as their time; 

perhaps even before them; had been conceived and actualized; in the 

sharks; and in Mr。 Hugh Miller's pets the old red sandstone fishes; 

that very true vertebrate skull and brain; of which this is a mere 

mockery。 (14)  Here the whole animal; with his extraordinary 

feeding mill; (for neither teeth nor jaws is a fit word for it;) is 

enclosed within an ever…growing limestone castle; to the 

architecture of which the Eddystone and the Crystal Palace are 

bungling heaps; without arms or legs; eyes or ears; and yet 

capable; in spite of his perpetual imprisonment; of walking; 

feeding; and breeding; doubt it not; merrily enough。  But this 

result has been attained at the expense of a complication of 

structure; which has baffled all human analysis and research into 

final causes。  As much concerning this most miraculous of families 

as is needful to be known; and ten times more than you are likely 

to understand; may be read in Harvey's 〃Sea…Side Book;〃 pp。 142…

148; … pages from which you will probably arise with a sense of the 

infinity and complexity of Nature; even in what we are pleased to 

call her 〃lower〃 forms; and the simplest and; as it were; easiest 

forms of life。  Conceive a Crystal Palace; (for mere difference in 

size; as both the naturalist and the metaphysician know; has 

nothing to do with the wonder;) whereof each separate joist; 

girder; and pane grows continually without altering the shape of 

the whole; and you have conceived only one of the miracles embodied 

in that little sea…egg; which the Creator has; as it were; to 

justify to man His own immutability; furnished with a shell capable 

of enduring fossil for countless ages; that we may confess Him to 

have been as great when first His Spirit brooded on the deep; as He 

is now and will be through all worlds to come。



But we must make haste; for the tide is rising fast; and our stone 

will be restored to its eleven hours' bath; long before we have 

talked over half the wonders which it holds。  Look though; ere you 

retreat; at one or two more。



What is that little brown thing whom you have just taken off the 

rock to which it adhered so stoutly by his sucking…foot?  A limpet?  

Not at all:  he is of quite a different family and structure; but; 

on the whole; a limpet…like shell would suit him well enough; so he 

had one given him:  nevertheless; owing to certain anatomical 

peculiarities; he needed one aperture more than a limpet; so one; 

if you will examine; has been given him at the top of his shell。 

(15)  This is one instance among a thousand of the way in which a 

scientific knowledge of objects must not obey; but run counter to; 

the impressions of sense; and of a custom in nature which makes 

this caution so necessary; namely; the repetition of the same form; 

slightly modified; in totally different animals; sometimes as if to 

avoid waste; (for why should not the same conception be used in two 

different cases; if it will suit in both?) and sometimes (more 

marvellous by far) when an organ; fully developed and useful in one 

species; appears in a cognate species but feeble; useless; and; as 

it were; abortive; and gradually; in species still farther removed; 

dies out altogether; placed there; it would seem; at first sight; 

merely to keep up the family likeness。  I am half jesting; that 

cannot be the only reason; perhaps not the reason at all; but the 

fact is one of the most curious; and notorious also; in comparative 

anatomy。



Look; again; at those sea…slugs。  One; some three inches long; of a 

bright lemon…yellow; clouded with purple; another of a dingy grey; 

(16) another exquisite little creature of a pearly French White; 

(17) furred all over the back with what seem arms; but are really 

gills; of ringed white and grey and black。  Put that yellow one 

into water; and from his head; above the eyes; arise two serrated 

horns; while from the after…part of his back springs a circular 

Prince…of…Wales's…feather of gills; … they are almost exactly like 

those which we saw just now in the white Cucumaria。  Yes; here is 

another instance of the same custom of repetition。  The Cucumaria 

is a low radiate animal … the sea…slug a far higher mollusc; and 

every organ within him is formed on a different type; as indeed are 

those seemingly identical gills; if you come to examine them under 

the microscope; having to oxygenate fluids of a very different and 

more complicated kind; and; moreover; the Cucumaria's gills were 

put round his mouth; the Doris's feathers round the other 

extremity; that grey Eolis's; again; are simple clubs; scattered 

over his whole back; and in each of his nudibranch congeners these 

same gills take some new and fantastic form; in Melibaea those 

clubs are covered with warts; in Scyllaea; with tufted bouquets; in 

the beautiful Antiopa they are transparent bags; and in many other 

English species they take every conceivable form of leaf; tree; 

flower; and branch; bedecked with every colour of the rainbow; as 

you may see them depicted in Messrs。 Alder and Hancock's unrivalled 

Monograph on the Nudibranch Mollusca。



And now; worshipper of final causes and the mere useful in nature; 

answer but one question; … Why this prodigal variety?  All these 

Nudibranchs live in much the same way:  why would not the same 

mould have done for them all?  And why; again; (for we must push 

the argument a little further;) why have not all the butterflies; 

at least all who feed on the same plant; the same markings?  Of all 

unfathomable triumphs of design; (we can only express ourselves 

thus; for honest induction; as Paley so well teaches; allows us to 

ascribe such results only to the design of some personal will and 

mind;) what surpasses that by which the scales on a butterfly's 

wing are arranged to produce a certain pattern of artistic beauty 

beyond all painter's skill?  What a waste of power; on any 

utilitarian theory of nature!  And once more; why are those strange 

microscopic atomies; the Diatomaceae and Infusoria; which fill 

every stagnant pool; which fringe every branch of sea…weed; which 

form banks hundreds of miles long on the Arctic sea…floor; and the 

strata of whole moorlands; which pervade in millions the mass of 

every iceberg; and float aloft in countless swarms amid the clouds 

of the volcanic dust; … why are their tiny shells of flint as 

fantastically various in their quaint mathematical symmetry; as 

they are countless beyond the wildest dreams of the Poet?  Mystery 

inexplicable on the conceited notion which; making man forsooth the 

centre of the universe; dares to believe that this variety of forms 

has existed for countless ages in abysmal sea…depths and untrodden 

forests; only that some few individuals of the Western races might; 

in these latter days; at last discover and admire a corner here and 

there of the boundless realms of beauty。  Inexplicable; truly; if 

man be the centre and the object of their existence; explicable 

enough to him who believes that God has created all things for 

Himself; and rejoices in His own handiwork; and that the material 

universe is; as the wise man says; 〃A platform whereon His Eternal 

Spirit sports and makes melody。〃  Of all the blessings which the 

study of nature brings to the patient observer; let none; perhaps; 

be classed higher than this:  that the further he enters into those 

fairy gardens of life and birth; which Spenser saw and described in 

his great poem; the more he learns the awful and yet most 

comfortable truth; that they do not belong to him; but to One 

greater; wiser; lovelier than he; and as he stands; silent with 

awe; amid the pomp of Nature's ever…busy rest; hears; as of old; 

〃The Word of the Lord God walking among the trees of the garden in 

the cool of the day。〃



One sight more; and we have done。  I had so

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