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g　the　while　and　singing　in　a　measured　strain。　But　the　Hellenes　were　much　vexed　to　think　that　their　foes　had　only　been　rendered　bolder；　while　the　Hellenes　who　had　formed　part　of　the　expedition　had　turned　tail　and　fled；　in　spite　of　their　numbers；　a　thing　which　had　not　happened　previously　during　the　whole　expedition。　So　Xenophon　called　a　meeting　of　the　Hellenes　and　spoke　as　follows：　〃Soldiers；　do　not　in　any　wise　be　cast　down　by　what　has　happened；　be　sure　that　good　no　less　than　evil　will　be　the　result；　for　to　begin　with；　you　now　know　certainly　that　those　who　are　going　to　guide　us　are　in　very　deed　hostile　to　those　with　whom　necessity　drives　us　to　quarrel；　and；　in　the　next　place；　some　of　our　own　body；　these　Hellenes　who　have　made　so　light　of　orderly　array　and　conjoint　action　with　ourselves；　as　though　they　must　needs　achieve　in　the　company　of　barbarians　all　they　could　with　ourselves；　have　paid　the　penalty　and　been　taught　a　lesson；　so　that　another　time　they　will　be　less　prone　to　leave　our　ranks。　But　you　must　be　prepared　to　show　these　friendly　barbarians　that　you　are　of　a　better　sort；　and　prove　to　the　enemy　that　battle　with　the　undisciplined　is　one　thing；　but　with　men　like　yourselves　another。〃

Accordingly　they　halted；　as　they　were；　that　day。　Next　day　they　sacrificed　and　finding　the　victims　favourable；　they　breakfasted；　formed　the　companies　into　columns；　and　with　their　barbarians　arranged　in　similar　order　on　their　left；　began　their　march。　Between　the　companies　were　the　archers　only　slightly　retired　behind　the　front　of　the　heavy　infantry；　on　account　of　the　enemy's　active　light　troops；　who　ran　down　and　kept　up　volleys　of　stones。　These　were　held　in　check　by　the　archers　and　peltasts；　and　steadily　step　by　step　the　mass　marched　on；　first　to　the　position　from　which　the　barbarians　and　those　with　them　had　been　driven　two　days　back；　and　where　the　enemy　were　now　drawn　　23　up　to　meet　them。　Thus　it　came　to　pass　that　the　barbarians　first　grappled　with　the　peltasts　and　maintained　the　battle　until　the　heavy　infantry　were　close；　when　they　turned　and　fled。　The　peltasts　followed　without　delay；　and　pursued　them　right　up　to　their　city；　while　the　heavy　troops　in　unbroken　order　followed。　As　soon　as　they　were　up　at　the　houses　of　the　capital；　there　and　then　the　enemy；　collecting　all　together　in　one　strong　body；　fought　valiantly；　and　hurled　their　javelins；　or　else　clenched　their　long　stout　spears；　almost　too　heavy　for　a　man　to　wield；　and　did　their　best　to　ward　off　the　attack　at　close　quarters。

But　when　the　Hellenes；　instead　of　giving　way；　kept　massing　together　more　thickly；　the　barbarians　fled　from　this　place　also；　and　in　a　body　deserted　the　fortress。　Their　king；　who　sat　in　his　wooden　tower　or　mossyn；　built　on　the　citadel　（there　he　sits　and　there　they　maintain　him；　all　at　the　common　cost；　and　guard　him　narrowly）；　refused　to　come　forth；　as　did　also　those　in　the　fortress　first　taken；　and　so　were　burnt　to　a　cinder　where　they　were；　their　mossyns；　themseves；　and　all。　The　Hellenes；　pillaging　and　ransacking　these　places；　discovered　in　the　different　houses　treasures　and　magazines　of　loaves；　pile　upon　pile；　〃the　ancestral　stores；〃　as　the　Mossynoecians　told　them；　but　the　new　corn　was　laid　up　apart　with　the　straw…stalk　and　ear　together；　and　this　was　for　the　most　part　spelt。　Slices　of　dolphin　were　another　discovery；　in　narrow…necked　jars；　all　properly　salted　and　pickled；　and　there　was　blubber　of　dolphin　in　vessels；　which　the　Mossynoecians　used　precisely　as　the　Hellenes　use　oil。　Then　there　were　large　stores　of　nuts　on　the　upper　floor；　the　broad　kind　without　a　division＇3＇。　This　was　also　a　chief　article　of　food　with　themboiled　nuts　and　baked　loaves。　Wine　was　also　discovered。　This；　from　its　rough；　dry　quality；　tasted　sharp　when　drunk　pure；　but　mixed　with　water　was　sweet　and　fragrant。

＇3＇　I。e。　〃chestnuts。〃

The　Hellenes　breakfasted　and　then　started　forward　on　their　march；　having　first　delivered　the　stronghold　to　their　allies　among　the　Mossynoecians。　As　for　the　other　strongholds　belonging　to　tribes　allied　with　their　foes；　which　they　passed　en　route；　the　most　accessible　were　either　deserted　by　their　inhabitants　or　gave　in　their　adhesion　　　　　　　　　　30　voluntarily。　The　following　description　will　apply　to　the　majority　of　them：　the　cities　were　on　an　average　ten　miles　apart；　some　more；　some　less；　but　so　elevated　is　the　country　and　intersected　by　such　deep　clefts　that　if　they　chose　to　shout　across　to　one　another；　their　cries　would　be　heard　from　one　city　to　another。　When；　in　the　course　of　their　march；　they　came　upon　a　friendly　population；　these　would　entertain　them　with　exhibitions　of　fatted　children　belonging　to　the　wealthy　classes；　fed　up　on　boiled　chestnuts　until　they　were　as　white　as　white　can　be；　of　skin　plump　and　delicate；　and　very　nearly　as　broad　as　they　were　long；　with　their　backs　variegated　and　their　breasts　tattooed　with　patterns　of　all　sorts　of　flowers。　They　sought　after　the　women　in　the　Hellenic　army；　and　would　fain　have　laid　with　them　openly　in　broad　daylight；　for　that　was　their　custom。　The　whole　community；　male　and　female　alike；　were　fair…complexioned　and　white…skinned。

It　was　agreed　that　this　was　the　most　barbaric　and　outlandish　people　that　they　had　passed　through　on　the　whole　expedition；　and　the　furthest　removed　from　the　Hellenic　customs；　doing　in　a　crowd　precisely　what　other　people　would　prefer　to　do　in　solitude；　and　when　alone　behaving　exactly　as　others　would　behave　in　company；　talking　to　themselves　and　laughing　at　their　own　expense；　standing　still　and　then　again　capering　about；　wherever　they　might　chance　to　be；　without　rhyme　or　reason；　as　if　their　sole　business　were　to　show　off　to　the　rest　of　the　world。



V

Through　this　country；　friendly　or　hostile　as　the　chance　might　be；　the　　　1　Hellenes　marched；　eight　stages　in　all；　and　reached　the　Chalybes。　These　were　a　people　few　in　number；　and　subject　to　the　Mossynoecians。　Their　livelihood　was　for　the　most　part　derived　from　mining　and　forging　iron。

Thence　they　came　to　the　Tibarenians。　The　country　of　the　Tibarenians　was　far　more　level；　and　their　fortresses　lay　on　the　seaboard　and　were　less　strong；　whether　by　art　or　nature。　The　generals　wanted　to　attack　these　places；　so　that　the　army　might　get　some　pickings；　and　they　would　not　accept　the　gifts　of　hospitality　which　came　in　from　the　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2　Tibarenians；　but　bidding　them　wait　till　they　had　taken　counsel；　they　proceeded　to　offer　sacrifice。　After　several　abortive　attempts；　the　seers　at　last　pronounced　an　opinion　that　the　gods　in　no　wise　countenanced　war。　Then　they　accepted　the　gifts　of　hospitality；　and　marching　through　what　was　now　recognised　as　a　friendly　country；　in　two　days　reached　Cotyora；　a　Hellenic　city；　and　a　colony　of　Sinope；　albeit　situated　in　the　territory　of　the　Tibarenians＇1＇。

＇1＇　The　MSS。　here　read；　〃Up　to　this　point　the　expedition　was　conducted　　　　　on　land；　and　the　distance　traversed　on　foot　from　the　battle…field　　　　　near　Babylon　down　to　Cotyora　amounted　to　one　hundred　and　　　　　twenty…two　stagesthat　is　to　say；　six　hundred　and　twenty　　　　　parasangs；　or　eighteen　thousand　stades；　or　if　measured　in　time；　an　　　　　eight　months'　march。〃　The　words　are　probably　the　note　of　some　　　　　editor　or　commentator；　though　it　is　quite　likely　that　the　author　　　　　himself　may　have　gone　through　such　calculations　and　even　have　　　　　inserted　them　as　a　note　to　his　text。

Here　they　halted　forty…five　days；　during　which　they　first　of　all　sacrificed　to　the　gods；　and　instituted　processions；　each　set　of　the　Hellenes　according　to　their　several　tribes；　with　gymnastic　contests。　Provisions　they　got　in　meanwhile；　partly　from　Paphlagonia；　partly　from　the　estates　of　the　Cotyorites；　for　the　latter　would　neither　provide　them　a　market　nor　receive　their　sick　within　their　walls。

Meanwhile　ambassadors　arrived　from　Sinope；　full　of　fears；　not　only　for　the　Cotyorites　and　their　city；　which　belonged　to　Sinope；　and　brought　in　tribute；　but　also　for　the　territory　which；　as　they　had　heard；　was　being　pillaged。　Accordingly　they　came　to　the　camp　and　made　a　speech。　Hecatonymus；　who　was　reported　to　be　a　clever　orator；　acted　as　their　spokesman：　〃Soldiers；〃　he　said；　〃the　city　of　the　Sinopeans　has　sent　us　to　offer　you；　as　Hellenes；　our　compliments　and　congratulations　on　your　victories　over　the　barbarians；　and　next；　to　express　our　joyful　satisfaction　that　you　have　surmounted　all　those　terrible　sufferings　of　which　we　have　heard；　and　have　reached　this　place　in　safety。　As　Hellenes　we　claim　to　receive　at　your　hands；　as　fellow…Hellenes；　kindness　and　not　harm。　We　have　certainly　not　ourselves　set　you　an　example　heretofore　of　evil　treatment。　Now　the　Cotyorites　are　our　colonists。　It　was　we　who　gave　them　this　country　to　dwell　in；　having　　　　　10　taken　it　from　the　barbarians；　for　which　reason　also　they；　with　the　men　of　Cerasus　and　Trapezus；　pay　us　an　appointed　tribute。　So　that；　whatever　mischief　you　inflict　on　the　men　of　Cotyora；　the　city　of　Sinope　takes　as　personal　to　herself。　At　the　present　time　we　hear　that　you　have　made　forcible　entry　into　their　city；　some　of　you；　and　are　quartered　in　the　houses；　besides　taking　forcibly　from　the　Cotyorite　estates　whatever　you　need；　by　hook　and　by　crook。　Now　against　these　things　we　enter　protest。　If　you　mean　to　go　on　so　doing；　you　will　drive　us　to　make　friends　with　Corylas　and　the　Paphlagonia