the hunchback of notre dame-µÚ115½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
All¡¡at¡¡once¡¡the¡¡man¡¡kicked¡¡away¡¡the¡¡ladder¡¡abruptly£»¡¡and¡¡Quasimodo£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡not¡¡breathed¡¡for¡¡several¡¡moments£»¡¡beheld¡¡the¡¡unhappy¡¡child¡¡dangling¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rope¡¡two¡¡fathoms¡¡above¡¡the¡¡pavement£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡man¡¡squatting¡¡on¡¡her¡¡shoulders¡£¡¡The¡¡rope¡¡made¡¡several¡¡gyrations¡¡on¡¡itself£»¡¡and¡¡Quasimodo¡¡beheld¡¡horrible¡¡convulsions¡¡run¡¡along¡¡the¡¡gypsy's¡¡body¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡priest£»¡¡on¡¡his¡¡side£»¡¡with¡¡outstretched¡¡neck¡¡and¡¡eyes¡¡starting¡¡from¡¡his¡¡head£»¡¡contemplated¡¡this¡¡horrible¡¡group¡¡of¡¡the¡¡man¡¡and¡¡the¡¡young¡¡girl£»the¡¡spider¡¡and¡¡the¡¡fly¡£
At¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡when¡¡it¡¡was¡¡most¡¡horrible£»¡¡the¡¡laugh¡¡of¡¡a¡¡demon£»¡¡a¡¡laugh¡¡which¡¡one¡¡can¡¡only¡¡give¡¡vent¡¡to¡¡when¡¡one¡¡is¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡human£»¡¡burst¡¡forth¡¡on¡¡the¡¡priest's¡¡livid¡¡face¡£
Quasimodo¡¡did¡¡not¡¡hear¡¡that¡¡laugh£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡saw¡¡it¡£
The¡¡bellringer¡¡retreated¡¡several¡¡paces¡¡behind¡¡the¡¡archdeacon£»¡¡and¡¡suddenly¡¡hurling¡¡himself¡¡upon¡¡him¡¡with¡¡fury£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡huge¡¡hands¡¡he¡¡pushed¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the¡¡back¡¡over¡¡into¡¡the¡¡abyss¡¡over¡¡which¡¡Dom¡¡Claude¡¡was¡¡leaning¡£
The¡¡priest¡¡shrieked£º¡¡¡¨Damnation£¡¡¨¡¡and¡¡fell¡£
The¡¡spout£»¡¡above¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡stood£»¡¡arrested¡¡him¡¡in¡¡his¡¡fall¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡clung¡¡to¡¡it¡¡with¡¡desperate¡¡hands£»¡¡and£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡when¡¡he¡¡opened¡¡his¡¡mouth¡¡to¡¡utter¡¡a¡¡second¡¡cry£»¡¡he¡¡beheld¡¡the¡¡formidable¡¡and¡¡avenging¡¡face¡¡of¡¡Quasimodo¡¡thrust¡¡over¡¡the¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡balustrade¡¡above¡¡his¡¡head¡£
Then¡¡he¡¡was¡¡silent¡£
The¡¡abyss¡¡was¡¡there¡¡below¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡fall¡¡of¡¡more¡¡than¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡feet¡¡and¡¡the¡¡pavement¡£
In¡¡this¡¡terrible¡¡situation£»¡¡the¡¡archdeacon¡¡said¡¡not¡¡a¡¡word£»¡¡uttered¡¡not¡¡a¡¡groan¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡merely¡¡writhed¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡spout£»¡¡with¡¡incredible¡¡efforts¡¡to¡¡climb¡¡up¡¡again£»¡¡but¡¡his¡¡hands¡¡had¡¡no¡¡hold¡¡on¡¡the¡¡granite£»¡¡his¡¡feet¡¡slid¡¡along¡¡the¡¡blackened¡¡wall¡¡without¡¡catching¡¡fast¡£¡¡¡¡People¡¡who¡¡have¡¡ascended¡¡the¡¡towers¡¡of¡¡Notre¡Dame¡¡know¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡swell¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stone¡¡immediately¡¡beneath¡¡the¡¡balustrade¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡on¡¡this¡¡retreating¡¡angle¡¡that¡¡miserable¡¡archdeacon¡¡exhausted¡¡himself¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had¡¡not¡¡to¡¡deal¡¡with¡¡a¡¡perpendicular¡¡wall£»¡¡but¡¡with¡¡one¡¡which¡¡sloped¡¡away¡¡beneath¡¡him¡£
Quasimodo¡¡had¡¡but¡¡to¡¡stretch¡¡out¡¡his¡¡hand¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡draw¡¡him¡¡from¡¡the¡¡gulf£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡even¡¡look¡¡at¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡looking¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Gr¨¨ve¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡looking¡¡at¡¡the¡¡gallows¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡looking¡¡at¡¡the¡¡gypsy¡£
The¡¡deaf¡¡man¡¡was¡¡leaning£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡elbows¡¡on¡¡the¡¡balustrade£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡spot¡¡where¡¡the¡¡archdeacon¡¡had¡¡been¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡before£»¡¡and¡¡there£»¡¡never¡¡detaching¡¡his¡¡gaze¡¡from¡¡the¡¡only¡¡object¡¡which¡¡existed¡¡for¡¡him¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡at¡¡that¡¡moment£»¡¡he¡¡remained¡¡motionless¡¡and¡¡mute£»¡¡like¡¡a¡¡man¡¡struck¡¡by¡¡lightning£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡long¡¡stream¡¡of¡¡tears¡¡flowed¡¡in¡¡silence¡¡from¡¡that¡¡eye¡¡which£»¡¡up¡¡to¡¡that¡¡time£»¡¡had¡¡never¡¡shed¡¡but¡¡one¡¡tear¡£
Meanwhile£»¡¡the¡¡archdeacon¡¡was¡¡panting¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡bald¡¡brow¡¡was¡¡dripping¡¡with¡¡perspiration£»¡¡his¡¡nails¡¡were¡¡bleeding¡¡against¡¡the¡¡stones£»¡¡his¡¡knees¡¡were¡¡flayed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡wall¡£
He¡¡heard¡¡his¡¡cassock£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡caught¡¡on¡¡the¡¡spout£»¡¡crack¡¡and¡¡rip¡¡at¡¡every¡¡jerk¡¡that¡¡he¡¡gave¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡complete¡¡his¡¡misfortune£»¡¡this¡¡spout¡¡ended¡¡in¡¡a¡¡leaden¡¡pipe¡¡which¡¡bent¡¡under¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡his¡¡body¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡archdeacon¡¡felt¡¡this¡¡pipe¡¡slowly
giving¡¡way¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡miserable¡¡man¡¡said¡¡to¡¡himself¡¡that£»¡¡when¡¡his¡¡hands¡¡should¡¡be¡¡worn¡¡out¡¡with¡¡fatigue£»¡¡when¡¡his¡¡cassock¡¡should¡¡tear¡¡asunder£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡lead¡¡should¡¡give¡¡way£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡be¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡fall£»¡¡and¡¡terror¡¡seized¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡very¡¡vitals¡£¡¡Now¡¡and¡¡then¡¡he¡¡glanced¡¡wildly¡¡at¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡narrow¡¡shelf¡¡formed£»¡¡ten¡¡feet¡¡lower¡¡down£»¡¡by¡¡projections¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sculpture£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡prayed¡¡heaven£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡depths¡¡of¡¡his¡¡distressed¡¡soul£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡might¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡finish¡¡his¡¡life£»¡¡were¡¡it¡¡to¡¡last¡¡two¡¡centuries£»¡¡on¡¡that¡¡space¡¡two¡¡feet¡¡square¡£¡¡¡¡Once£»¡¡he¡¡glanced¡¡below¡¡him¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Place£»¡¡into¡¡the¡¡abyss£»¡¡the¡¡head¡¡which¡¡he¡¡raised¡¡again¡¡had¡¡its¡¡eyes¡¡closed¡¡and¡¡its¡¡hair¡¡standing¡¡erect¡£
There¡¡was¡¡something¡¡frightful¡¡in¡¡the¡¡silence¡¡of¡¡these¡¡two¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡While¡¡the¡¡archdeacon¡¡agonized¡¡in¡¡this¡¡terrible¡¡fashion¡¡a¡¡few¡¡feet¡¡below¡¡him£»¡¡Quasimodo¡¡wept¡¡and¡¡gazed¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Gr¨¨ve¡£
The¡¡archdeacon£»¡¡seeing¡¡that¡¡all¡¡his¡¡exertions¡¡served¡¡only¡¡to¡¡weaken¡¡the¡¡fragile¡¡support¡¡which¡¡remained¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡quiet¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡he¡¡hung£»¡¡embracing¡¡the¡¡gutter£»¡¡hardly¡¡breathing£»¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡stirring£»¡¡making¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡any¡¡other¡¡movements¡¡than¡¡that¡¡mechanical¡¡convulsion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stomach£»¡¡which¡¡one¡¡experiences¡¡in¡¡dreams¡¡when¡¡one¡¡fancies¡¡himself¡¡falling¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡fixed¡¡eyes¡¡were¡¡wide¡¡open¡¡with¡¡a¡¡stare¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡lost¡¡ground¡¡little¡¡by¡¡little£»¡¡nevertheless£»¡¡his¡¡fingers¡¡slipped¡¡along¡¡the¡¡spout£»¡¡he¡¡became¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡conscious¡¡of¡¡the¡¡feebleness¡¡of¡¡his¡¡arms¡¡and¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡his¡¡body¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡curve¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lead¡¡which¡¡sustained¡¡him¡¡inclined¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡each¡¡instant¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡abyss¡£
He¡¡beheld¡¡below¡¡him£»¡¡a¡¡frightful¡¡thing£»¡¡the¡¡roof¡¡of¡¡Saint¡¡¡Jean¡¡le¡¡Rond£»¡¡as¡¡small¡¡as¡¡a¡¡card¡¡folded¡¡in¡¡two¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡gazed¡¡at¡¡the¡¡impressive¡¡carvings£»¡¡one¡¡by¡¡one£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tower£»¡¡suspended¡¡like¡¡himself¡¡over¡¡the¡¡precipice£»¡¡but¡¡without¡¡terror¡¡for¡¡themselves¡¡or¡¡pity¡¡for¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡was¡¡stone¡¡around¡¡him£»¡¡before¡¡his¡¡eyes£»¡¡gaping¡¡monsters£»¡¡below£»¡¡quite¡¡at¡¡the¡¡bottom£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Place£»¡¡the¡¡pavement£»¡¡above¡¡his¡¡head£»¡¡Quasimodo¡¡weeping¡£
In¡¡the¡¡Parvis¡¡there¡¡were¡¡several¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡curious¡¡good¡¡people£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡tranquilly¡¡seeking¡¡to¡¡divine¡¡who¡¡the¡¡madman¡¡could¡¡be¡¡who¡¡was¡¡amusing¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡so¡¡strange¡¡a¡¡manner¡£¡¡The¡¡priest¡¡heard¡¡them¡¡saying£»¡¡for¡¡their¡¡voices¡¡reached¡¡him£»¡¡clear¡¡and¡¡shrill£º¡¡¡¨Why£»¡¡he¡¡will¡¡break¡¡his¡¡neck£¡¡¨
Quasimodo¡¡wept¡£
At¡¡last¡¡the¡¡archdeacon£»¡¡foaming¡¡with¡¡rage¡¡and¡¡despair£»¡¡understood¡¡that¡¡all¡¡was¡¡in¡¡vain¡£¡¡¡¡Nevertheless£»¡¡he¡¡collected¡¡all¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡which¡¡remained¡¡to¡¡him¡¡for¡¡a¡¡final¡¡effort¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡stiffened¡¡himself¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡spout£»¡¡pushed¡¡against¡¡the¡¡wall¡¡with¡¡both¡¡his¡¡knees£»¡¡clung¡¡to¡¡a¡¡crevice¡¡in¡¡the¡¡stones¡¡with¡¡his¡¡hands£»¡¡and¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡climbing¡¡back¡¡with¡¡one¡¡foot£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡effort¡¡made¡¡the¡¡leaden¡¡beak¡¡on¡¡which¡¡he¡¡rested¡¡bend¡¡abruptly¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡cassock¡¡burst¡¡open¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡£¡¡¡¡Then£»¡¡feeling¡¡everything¡¡give¡¡way¡¡beneath¡¡him£»¡¡with¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡his¡¡stiffened¡¡and¡¡failing¡¡hands¡¡to¡¡support¡¡him£»¡¡the¡¡unfortunate¡¡man¡¡closed¡¡his¡¡eyes¡¡and¡¡let¡¡go¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spout¡£¡¡He¡¡fell¡£
Quasimodo¡¡watched¡¡him¡¡fall¡£
A¡¡fall¡¡from¡¡such¡¡a¡¡height¡¡is¡¡seldom¡¡perpendicular¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡archdeacon£»¡¡launched¡¡into¡¡space£»¡¡fell¡¡at¡¡first¡¡head¡¡foremost£»¡¡with¡¡outspread¡¡hands£»¡¡then¡¡he¡¡whirled¡¡over¡¡and¡¡over¡¡many¡¡times£»¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡blew¡¡him¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡roof¡¡of¡¡a¡¡house£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡unfortunate¡¡man¡¡began¡¡to¡¡break¡¡up¡£¡¡¡¡Nevertheless£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡not¡¡dead¡¡when¡¡he¡¡reached¡¡there¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡bellringer¡¡saw¡¡him¡¡still¡¡endeavor¡¡to¡¡cling¡¡to¡¡a¡¡gable¡¡with¡¡his¡¡nails£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡sloped¡¡too¡¡much£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡had¡¡no¡¡more¡¡strength¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡slid¡¡rapidly¡¡along¡¡the¡¡roof¡¡like¡¡a¡¡loosened¡¡tile£»¡¡and¡¡dashed¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡pavement¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡he¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡moved¡£
Then¡¡Quasimodo¡¡raised¡¡his¡¡eyes¡¡to¡¡the¡¡gypsy£»¡¡whose¡¡body¡¡he¡¡beheld¡¡hanging¡¡from¡¡the¡¡gibbet£»¡¡quivering¡¡far¡¡away¡¡beneath¡¡her¡¡white¡¡robe¡¡with¡¡the¡¡last¡¡shudderings¡¡of¡¡anguish£»¡¡then¡¡he¡¡dropped¡¡them¡¡on¡¡the¡¡archdeacon£»¡¡stretched¡¡out¡¡at¡¡the¡¡base¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tower£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡retaining¡¡the¡¡human¡¡form£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡said£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡sob¡¡which¡¡heaved¡¡his¡¡deep¡¡chest£»¡¡¡¨Oh£¡¡¡all¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡ever¡¡loved£¡¡¨
CHAPTER¡¡III¡£
THE¡¡MARRIAGE¡¡OF¡¡PHOEBUS¡£
Towards¡¡evening¡¡on¡¡that¡¡day£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡judiciary¡¡officers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bishop¡¡came¡¡to¡¡pick¡¡up¡¡from¡¡the¡¡pavement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Parvis¡¡the¡¡dislocated¡¡corpse¡¡of¡¡the¡¡archdeacon£»¡¡Quasimodo¡¡had¡¡disappeared¡£
A¡¡great¡¡many¡¡rumors¡¡were¡¡in¡¡circulation¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡this¡¡adventure¡£¡¡¡¡No¡¡one¡¡doubted¡¡but¡¡that¡¡the¡¡day¡¡had¡¡come¡¡when£»¡¡in¡¡accordance¡¡with¡¡their¡¡compact£»¡¡Quasimodo£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡the¡¡devil£»¡¡was¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡off¡¡Claude¡¡Frollo£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡the¡¡sorcerer¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡presumed¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡broken¡¡the¡¡body¡¡when¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡soul£»¡¡like¡¡monkeys¡¡who¡¡break¡¡the¡¡shell¡¡to¡¡get¡¡at¡¡the¡¡nut¡£
This¡¡is¡¡why¡¡the¡¡archdeacon¡¡was¡¡not¡¡interred¡¡in¡¡consecrated¡¡earth¡£
Louis¡¡XI¡£¡¡died¡¡a¡¡year¡¡later£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡month¡¡of¡¡August£»¡¡1483¡£
As¡¡for¡¡Pierre¡¡Gringoire£»¡¡he¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡saving¡¡the¡¡goat£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡won¡¡success¡¡in¡¡tragedy¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡appears¡¡that£»¡¡after¡¡having¡¡tasted¡¡astrology£»¡¡philosophy£»¡¡architecture£»¡¡hermetics£»all¡¡vanities£»¡¡he¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡tragedy£»¡¡vainest¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡what¡¡he¡¡called¡¡¡¨coming¡¡to¡¡a¡¡tragic¡¡end¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡what¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡read£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡his¡¡dramatic¡¡triumphs£»¡¡in¡¡1483£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡accounts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¨Ordinary£º¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¨To¡¡Jehan¡¡Marchand¡¡and¡¡Pierre¡¡Gringoire£»¡¡carpenter¡¡and¡¡composer£»¡¡who¡¡have¡¡made¡¡and¡¡composed¡¡the¡¡mystery¡¡made¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Ch£¿telet¡¡of¡¡Paris£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡entry¡¡of¡¡Monsieur¡¡the¡¡Legate£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡ordered¡¡the¡¡personages£»¡¡clothed¡¡and¡¡dressed¡¡the¡¡same£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡said¡¡mystery¡¡was¡¡required£»¡¡and¡¡likewise£»¡¡for¡¡having¡¡made¡¡the¡¡scaffoldings¡¡thereto¡¡necessary£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡this¡¡deed£»one¡¡hundred¡¡livres¡£¡¨
Phoebus¡¡de¡¡Chateaupers¡¡also¡¡came¡¡to¡¡a¡¡tragic¡¡end¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡married¡£
CHAPTER¡¡IV¡£
THE¡¡MARRIAGE¡¡OF¡¡QUASIMODO¡£
We¡¡have¡¡just¡¡said¡¡that¡¡Quasimodo¡¡disappeared¡¡from¡¡Notre¡¡¡Dame¡¡on¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gypsy's¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡archdeacon's¡¡death¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡not¡¡seen¡¡again£»¡¡in¡¡fact£»¡¡no¡¡one¡¡knew¡¡what¡¡had¡¡become¡¡of¡¡him¡£
During¡¡the¡¡night¡¡which¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡execution¡¡of¡¡la¡¡Esmeralda£»¡¡the¡¡night¡¡men¡¡had¡¡detached¡¡her¡¡body¡¡from¡¡the¡¡gibbet£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡carried¡¡it£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡custom£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cellar¡¡of¡¡Montfau£¿on¡£
Montfau£¿on¡¡was£»¡¡as¡¡Sauval¡¡says£»¡¡¡¨the¡¡most¡¡ancient¡¡and¡¡the¡¡most¡¡superb¡¡gibbet¡¡in¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Between¡¡the¡¡faubourgs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Temple¡¡and¡¡Saint¡¡Martin£»¡¡about¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡sixty¡¡toises¡¡from¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡of¡¡Paris£»¡¡a¡¡few¡¡bow¡¡shots¡¡from¡¡La¡¡Courtille£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡on¡¡the¡¡crest¡¡of¡¡a¡¡gentle£»¡¡almost¡¡imperceptible¡¡eminence£»¡¡but¡¡sufficiently¡¡elevated¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡for¡¡several¡¡