the unseen world and other essays-第59节

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in　any　modern　community；　and　the　incentives　to　the　acquirement　of　wealth　were；　as　a　consequence；　comparatively　slight。

I　do　not　mean　to　say　that　the　Athenians　did　not　engage　in　business。　Their　city　was　a　commercial　city；　and　their　ships　covered　the　Mediterranean。　They　had　agencies　and　factories　at　Marseilles；　on　the　remote　coasts　of　Spain；　and　along　the　shores　of　the　Black　Sea。　They　were　in　many　respects　the　greatest　commercial　people　of　antiquity；　and　doubtless　knew；　as　well　as　other　people；　the　keen　delights　of　acquisition。　But　my　point　is；　that　with　them　the　acquiring　of　property　had　not　become　the　chief　or　only　end　of　life。　Production　was　carried　on　almost　entirely　by　slave…labour；　interchange　of　commodities　was　the　business　of　the　masters；　and　commerce　was　in　those　days　simple。　Banks；　insurance　companies；　brokers'　boards；all　these　complex　instruments　of　Mammon　were　as　yet　unthought　of。　There　was　no　Wall　Street　in　ancient　Athens；　there　were　no　great　failures；　no　commercial　panics；　no　over…issues　of　stock。　Commerce；　in　short；　was　a　quite　subordinate　matter；　and　the　art　of　money…making　was　in　its　infancy。

The　twenty…five　thousand　Athenian　freemen　thus　enjoyed；　on　the　whole；　more　undisturbed　leisure；　more　freedom　from　petty　harassing　cares；　than　any　other　community　known　to　history。　Nowhere　else　can　we　find；　on　careful　study；　so　little　of　the　hurry　and　anxiety　which　destroys　the　even　tenour　of　modern　life；nowhere　else　so　few　of　the　circumstances　which　tend　to　make　men　insane；　inebriate；　or　phthisical；　or　prematurely　old。

This　being　granted；　it　remains　only　to　state　and　illustrate　the　obverse　fact。　It　is　not　only　true　that　Athens　has　produced　and　educated　a　relatively　larger　number　of　men　of　the　highest　calibre　and　most　complete　culture　than　any　other　community　of　like　dimensions　which　has　ever　existed；　but　it　is　also　true　that　there　has　been　no　other　community；　of　which　the　members　have；　as　a　general　rule；　been　so　highly　cultivated；　or　have　attained　individually　such　completeness　of　life。　In　proof　of　the　first　assertion　it　will　be　enough　to　mention　such　names　as　those　of　Solon；　Themistokles；　Perikles；　and　Demosthenes；　Isokrates　and　Lysias；　Aristophanes　and　Menander；　Aischylos；　Sophokles；　and　Euripides；　Pheidias　and　Praxiteles；　Sokrates　and　Plato；　Thukydides　and　Xenophon：　remembering　that　these　men；　distinguished　for　such　different　kinds　of　achievement；　but　like　each　other　in　consummateness　of　culture；　were　all　produced　within　one　town　in　the　course　of　three　centuries。　At　no　other　time　and　place　in　human　history　has　there　been　even　an　approach　to　such　a　fact　as　this。

My　other　assertion；　about　the　general　culture　of　the　community　in　which　such　men　were　reared；　will　need　a　more　detailed　explanation。　When　I　say　that　the　Athenian　public　was；　on　the　whole；　the　most　highly　cultivated　public　that　has　ever　existed；　I　refer　of　course　to　something　more　than　what　is　now　known　as　literary　culture。　Of　this　there　was　relatively　little　in　the　days　of　Athenian　greatness；　and　this　was　because　there　was　not　yet　need　for　it　or　room　for　it。　Greece　did　not　until　a　later　time　begin　to　produce　scholars　and　savants；　for　the　function　of　scholarship　does　not　begin　until　there　has　been　an　accumulation　of　bygone　literature　to　be　interpreted　for　the　benefit　of　those　who　live　in　a　later　time。　Grecian　greatness　was　already　becoming　a　thing　of　the　past；　when　scholarship　and　literary　culture　of　the　modern　type　began　at　Rome　and　Alexandria。　The　culture　of　the　ancient　Athenians　was　largely　derived　from　direct　intercourse　with　facts　of　nature　and　of　life；　and　with　the　thoughts　of　rich　and　powerful　minds　orally　expressed。　The　value　of　this　must　not　be　underrated。　We　moderns　are　accustomed　to　get　so　large　a　portion　of　our　knowledge　and　of　our　theories　of　life　out　of　books；　our　taste　and　judgment　are　so　largely　educated　by　intercourse　with　the　printed　page；　that　we　are　apt　to　confound　culture　with　book…knowledge；　we　are　apt　to　forget　the　innumerable　ways　in　which　the　highest　intellectual　faculties　may　be　disciplined　without　the　aid　of　literature。　We　must　study　antiquity　to　realize　how　thoroughly　this　could　be　done。　But　even　in　our　day；　how　much　more　fruitful　is　the　direct　influence　of　an　original　mind　over　us；　in　the　rare　cases　when　it　can　be　enjoyed；　than　any　indirect　influence　which　the　same　mind　may　exert　through　the　medium　of　printed　books！　What　fellow　of　a　college；　placed　amid　the　most　abundant　and　efficient　implements　of　study；　ever　gets　such　a　stimulus　to　the　highest　and　richest　intellectual　life　as　was　afforded　to　Eckermann　by　his　daily　intercourse　with　Goethe？　The　breadth　of　culture　and　the　perfection　of　training　exhibited　by　John　Stuart　Mill　need　not　surprise　us　when　we　recollect　that　his　earlier　days　were　spent　in　the　society　of　James　Mill　and　Jeremy　Bentham。　And　the　remarkable　extent　of　view；　the　command　of　facts；　and　the　astonishing　productiveness　of　such　modern　Frenchmen　as　Sainte…Beuve　and　Littre　become　explicable　when　we　reflect　upon　the　circumstance　that　so　many　able　and　brilliant　men　are　collected　in　one　city；　where　their　minds　may　continually　and　directly　react　upon　each　other。　It　is　from　the　lack　of　such　personal　stimulus　that　it　is　difficult　or　indeed　wellnigh　impossible；　even　for　those　whose　resources　are　such　as　to　give　them　an　extensive　command　of　books；　to　keep　up　to　the　highest　level　of　contemporary　culture　while　living　in　a　village　or　provincial　town。　And　it　is　mainly　because　of　the　personal　stimulus　which　it　affords　to　its　students；　that　a　great　university；　as　a　seat　of　culture；　is　immeasurably　superior　to　a　small　one。

Nevertheless；　the　small　community　in　any　age　possesses　one　signal　advantage　over　the　large　one；　in　its　greater　simplicity　of　life　and　its　consequent　relative　leisure。　It　was　the　prerogative　of　ancient　Athens　that　it　united　the　advantages　of　the　large　to　those　of　the　small　community。　In　relative　simplicity　of　life　it　was　not　unlike　the　modern　village；　while　at　the　same　time　it　was　the　metropolis　where　the　foremost　minds　of　the　time　were　enabled　to　react　directly　upon　one　another。　In　yet　another　respect　these　opposite　advantages　were　combined。　The　twenty…five　thousand　free　inhabitants　might　perhaps　all　know　something　of　each　other。　In　this　respect　Athens　was　doubtless　much　like　a　New　England　country　town；　with　the　all…important　difference　that　the　sordid　tone　due　to　continual　struggle　for　money　was　absent。　It　was　like　the　small　town　in　the　chance　which　it　afforded　for　publicity　and　community　of　pursuits　among　its　inhabitants。　Continuous　and　unrestrained　social　intercourse　was　accordingly　a　distinctive　feature　of　Athenian　life。　And；　as　already　hinted；　this　intercourse　did　not　consist　in　evening　flirtations；　with　the　eating　of　indigestible　food　at　unseasonable　hours；　and　the　dancing　of　〃the　German。〃　It　was　carried　on　out…of…doors　in　the　brightest　sunlight；　it　brooked　no　effeminacy；　its　amusements　were　athletic　games；　or　dramatic　entertainments；　such　as　have　hardly　since　been　equalled。　Its　arena　was　a　town　whose　streets　were　filled　with　statues　and　adorned　with　buildings；　merely　to　behold　which　was　in　itself　an　education。　The　participators　in　it　were　not　men　with　minds　so　dwarfed　by　exclusive　devotion　to　special　pursuits　that　after　〃talking　shop〃　they　could　find　nothing　else　save　wine　and　cookery　to　converse　about。　They　were　men　with　minds　fresh　and　open　for　the　discussion　of　topics　which　are　not　for　a　day　only。

A　man　like　Sokrates；　living　in　such　a　community；　did　not　need　to　write　down　his　wisdom。　He　had　no　such　vast　public　as　the　modern　philosopher　has　to　reach。　He　could　hail　any　one　he　happened　to　pass　in　the　street；　begin　an　argument　with　him　forthwith；　and　set　a　whole　crowd　thinking　and　inquiring　about　subjects　the　mere　contemplation　of　which　would　raise　them　for　the　moment　above　matters　of　transient　concern。　For　more　than　half　a　century　any　citizen　might　have　gratis　the　benefit　of　oral　instruction　from　such　a　man　as　he。　And　I　sometimes　think；　by　the　way；　thatcurtailed　as　it　is　to　literary　proportions　in　the　dialogues　of　Plato；　bereft　of　all　that　personal　potency　which　it　had　when　it　flowed；　instinct　with　earnestness；　from　the　lips　of　the　teachereven　to　this　day　the　wit　of　man　has　perhaps　devised　no　better　general　gymnastics　for　the　understanding　than　the　Sokratic　dialectic。　I　am　far　from　saying　that　all　Athens　listened　to　Sokrates　or　understood　him：　had　it　been　so；　the　caricature　of　Aristophanes　would　have　been　pointless；　and　the　sublime　yet　mournful　trilogy　of　dialogues　which　pourtray　the　closing　scenes　of　the　greatest　life　of　antiquity　would　never　have　been　written。　But　the　mere　fact　that　such　a　man　lived　and　taught　in　the　way　that　he　did　goes　far　in　proof　of　the　deep　culture　of　the　Athenian　public。　Further　confirmation　is　to　be　found　in　the　fact　that　such　tragedies　as　the　Antigone；　the　Oidipous；　and　the　Prometheus　were　written　to　suit　the　popular　taste　of　the　time；　not　to　be　read　by　literary　people；　or　to　be　performed　before　select　audiences　such　as　in　our　day　listen　to　Ristori　or　Janauschek；　but　to　hold　spell…bound　that　vast　concourse　of　all　kinds　of　people　which　assembled　at　the　Dionysiac　festivals。

Still　further　proof　is　furnished　by　the　exquisite　literary　perfection　of　Greek　writings。　One　of　the　common　arg